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Renewable Hydrogen and Hydrogen Carriers for the Maritime Sector
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Renewable Hydrogen and Hydrogen Carriers for the Maritime Sector

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 November 2026 | Viewed by 1456

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kyriakos Panopoulos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: hydrogen production; hydrogen storage; fuel cells; energy management; synthetic fuels; power-to-X
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Michael Bampaou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: hydrogen production; fuel cells; energy management; synthetic fuels; power-to-X; methanol
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The maritime sector represents one of the most challenging industries to decarbonize due to its dependence on high-energy-density fuels and the long lifetimes of existing vessels. Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based carriers (such as ammonia, methanol and others) have emerged as promising solutions to enable sustainable maritime transport and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Recent advances in renewable hydrogen production, hydrogen carrier synthesis, on-board utilization technologies (such as fuel cells), and port infrastructure investments have laid a foundation for the development of clean maritime fuel value chains. However, several technical, economic, and political challenges remain. These include optimizing hydrogen and carrier production, ensuring safe and efficient transportation and on-board storage, enhancing on-board energy conversion systems, and aligning international standards and regulations to foster large-scale adoption.

This Special Issue invites original research papers that cover a wide range of topics for the decarbonization of the maritime sector using renewable hydrogen and hydrogen carriers. Authors are also encouraged to submit review papers that summarize the recent progress in these fields.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Kyriakos Panopoulos
Dr. Michael Bampaou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • production of renewable hydrogen and hydrogen carriers (such as ammonia, methanol and others) for maritime applications
  • innovative hydrogen-based energy conversion systems (e.g., fuel cells)
  • port infrastructure and bunkering solutions for hydrogen and derivatives
  • techno-economic and socio-environmental assessment of hydrogen-based maritime pathways
  • digital twins and smart operation of hydrogen-based maritime systems

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 9172 KB  
Article
Estimation of Production Costs of Synthetic Maritime Fuels Along the Global Gateway Green Shipping Corridors
by Eladio Jimenez Espadafor Sardon and Panayotis Christidis
Energies 2026, 19(11), 2625; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112625 - 29 May 2026
Viewed by 224
Abstract
In the context of the Global Gateway Green Shipping Corridors, an ambitious initiative to facilitate the transition to renewable and low carbon fuels for maritime transport in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, we explore potential areas where production costs can be competitive. We [...] Read more.
In the context of the Global Gateway Green Shipping Corridors, an ambitious initiative to facilitate the transition to renewable and low carbon fuels for maritime transport in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, we explore potential areas where production costs can be competitive. We propose a methodology to rank 250 locations worldwide in terms of production costs of hydrogen and derived synthetic fuels as an initial screening indicator for potential production costs. The methodology uses the PyPSA software package, explicitly accounting for renewable energy capacity and technology costs, setting a common ground to benchmark locations in terms of their estimated levelized cost of fuel (LCOX). Results across the 250 locations determined ranges of 212–404.6 EUR/MWh for hydrogen, 258.3–414.3 EUR/MWh for ammonia, 308 to 478.4 EUR/MWh for methanol, and 298–466 EUR/MWh for methane. The optimal system designs tend to overbuild solar photovoltaic capacity, allowing for a higher utilization rate of the electrolyzer, the most expensive component of the system. This leads to lower production costs even though electricity production may need to be curtailed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Hydrogen and Hydrogen Carriers for the Maritime Sector)
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Review

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41 pages, 3705 KB  
Review
Bio-CO2 as Feedstock for Renewable Methanol in Maritime Applications
by Michael Bampaou, Vasileios Mitrousis, Evangelia Koliamitra, Paraskevas Stratigousis, Henrik Schloesser, Ismael Matino, Valentina Colla and Kyriakos D. Panopoulos
Energies 2026, 19(5), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051364 - 7 Mar 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 935
Abstract
Bio-CO2 is part of the natural carbon cycle and represents a sustainable carbon source for the production of Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBOs), such as synthetic methanol. This study addresses the critical knowledge gap in aligning diverse biogenic CO2 sources [...] Read more.
Bio-CO2 is part of the natural carbon cycle and represents a sustainable carbon source for the production of Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBOs), such as synthetic methanol. This study addresses the critical knowledge gap in aligning diverse biogenic CO2 sources with e-methanol requirements in the EU by providing harmonized mapping, based on datasets, literature sources, and reported industrial statistics at the sectoral and country level. Bio-CO2 streams from biogas and biogas upgrading, biomass combustion, pulp and paper, bioethanol production, and the food and beverage sector are evaluated for total emissions, CO2 concentrations and purity, the geographical distribution, seasonality, and impurity profiles. Results show that approximately 350 Mtpa of bio-CO2 are emitted across the EU, with highly heterogeneous characteristics. Biogas upgrading and fermentation-based processes generate highly pure CO2 streams (>98–99%), yet their small and dispersed nature complicates logistics. In contrast, biomass-combustion and pulp and paper sectors provide large volumes (around 214.6–298.2 Mtpa and 73.9 Mtpa CO2, respectively), but in diluted streams (typically 3–15% and 10–20%). Replacing just 10% of the EU maritime fuel demand with e-methanol would require 53.6 Mtpa of bio-CO2 and 58 GW of electrolyzer capacity, a stark contrast to the current operational 385 MW. The findings highlight the need for infrastructure planning and aggregation hubs to enable the large-scale deployment of RFNBO methanol in the maritime sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Hydrogen and Hydrogen Carriers for the Maritime Sector)
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