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Energies
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Electrical Engineering: Advances in the Performance of Various Ground Electrodes
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Electrical Engineering: Advances in the Performance of Various Ground Electrodes

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 4593

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Normiza Binti Mohamad Nor

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Interests: earthing systems; high voltage and lightning protections

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is important to obtain a good grounding system so that any voltage rise at the electrical facilities and in the vicinity of these facilities can be reduced. Many studies have been directed towards improved designs and performances of grounding systems, whether at low frequency voltage and low frequency currents, or under high impulse current conditions. Soil resistivity, ground electrodes, current magnitudes and response times, and impulse polarity have been known to affect the performances of grounding systems.  With the advancement of the test equipment, imaging and computational techniques, providing more opportunities for the work to be extended further.

This Special Issue is intended to gather the scholarly work which can be in a form of research or review articles on the advancement of various ground electrodes, whether at low voltage and low frequency current, or under high impulse conditions. The work can be presented for various approaches; laboratory, field site testing and computational work, which are all welcomed. The recent developments and technologies in the grounding systems, are highly encouraged to be included in this special issue so that the dissemination of knowledge can be extended not only to the researchers, but also to the practicing engineers and educators.

Prof. Dr. Normiza Binti Mohamad Nor
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ground electrodes
  • Soil resistivity
  • Grounding systems
  • Ionisation process

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1783 KiB  
Article
A Method for Calculating Grounding Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Foundation Grounding Systems
by Bowen Dou, Rui Liu, Youping Tu and Bo Zhang
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4607; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134607 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1418
Abstract
Tower foundations have been used as grounding electrodes to reduce the area of the grounding devices. However, it is difficult to calculate the grounding resistance due to the complex structure of the reinforced concrete foundation. A method for calculating grounding resistance of reinforced [...] Read more.
Tower foundations have been used as grounding electrodes to reduce the area of the grounding devices. However, it is difficult to calculate the grounding resistance due to the complex structure of the reinforced concrete foundation. A method for calculating grounding resistance of reinforced concrete foundations is proposed in this paper. The method equates the complex foundation structure into a cylindrical conductor and then calculates the grounding resistance with the help of the method of moments, which simplifies establishment of the simulation model and reduces the extensive computation. In addition, the applicability of the equal cross-sectional area method and the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is analyzed. It shows that both methods are applicable only when the concrete resistivity is close to the soil resistivity. The equal cross-sectional area method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is within twice the soil resistivity, while the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is approximately same or less than the resistivity of the soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering: Advances in the Performance of Various Ground Electrodes)
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17 pages, 4939 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Large Soil Grain Sizes in Studying Impulse Characteristics of Soil
by Muhd Shahirad Reffin, Normiza Mohamad Nor, Nurul Azlina Abdul Rahman, Noradlina Abdullah, Norhasliza Hatta and Mohd Pauzi Yahaya
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041471 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1060
Abstract
There have been many published studies analysing the impulse characteristics of soil and various soil properties. Some of these published results are found to be largely different and inconsistent from one study to another. Soil properties may be complex in nature, and its [...] Read more.
There have been many published studies analysing the impulse characteristics of soil and various soil properties. Some of these published results are found to be largely different and inconsistent from one study to another. Soil properties may be complex in nature, and its characteristics under high impulse conditions are influenced by many factors, which result in inconsistency in the results. Nevertheless, it has been known that under high impulse conditions, ionisation in the soil would occur due to air discharges in the air voids within the soil, and interfaces between the soil and the ground electrodes. It is also possible that the expansion of the ionisation zone, leading to the occurrence of breakdown in soil, gives better conduction in soil, producing longer streamers and higher magnitudes of current. However, limited study on the impulse breakdown characteristics of soil is found, which was believed to have been due to voltage/current magnitudes that are not high enough to cause the occurrence of soil breakdown. It is important to determine the factors that will cause breakdown to occur in soil when subjected under high impulse conditions since this will give more effective grounding systems when subjected to high impulse conditions. This paper shows that the soil grain size contributes to the most pronounced factor in influencing the soil characteristics under high impulse conditions, in comparison to any other factors. This paper considers thirty-two soil samples containing various percentages of water contents, subjected to high impulse conditions. The soil samples are housed in a hemispherical environment with two different active electrodes, and pre-breakdown and breakdown characteristics of various soils, configurations and percentage of water content are studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering: Advances in the Performance of Various Ground Electrodes)
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14 pages, 3679 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ground Electrodes on the Susceptibility to Damage of Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) under Impulse Conditions
by Usman Muhammad, Normiza Mohamad Nor, Annuar Mohd Ramli and Nurul Nadia Ahmad
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031247 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1582
Abstract
One of the requirements for the safe operation of customer premises equipment (CPE) is an adequate grounding system as a means to divert high fault currents to the ground. In this work we report on the results of an experimental study of the [...] Read more.
One of the requirements for the safe operation of customer premises equipment (CPE) is an adequate grounding system as a means to divert high fault currents to the ground. In this work we report on the results of an experimental study of the impulse characteristics at a charging voltage of 30 kV on the surge protective device connected to 16 earth electrodes and installed at two sites, giving various ground resistance at low voltages, RDC values. All of these grounding electrodes were installed and tested under the same charging voltage to determine the effectiveness of ground electrodes toward the damage of a modem at the premises. We observed that modems did not experience damage when the ground electrode of the distribution pole (DP) had an RDC below 30 Ω in general and below 46 Ω when ground electrodes installed in low resistivity soil were used. The impulse polarity did not affect the damage susceptibility of the CPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering: Advances in the Performance of Various Ground Electrodes)
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