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Seismic Monitoring of the Subsoil for the Exploitation of Energy Sources

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H1: Petroleum Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 8032

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Aldo Zollo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
Interests: seismic fracture modelling; seismic wave propagation; study of soil strong-motion through accelerogram analysis; volcano structures; seismic exploration of the subsoil for hydrocarbon location

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last two decades, we have assisted in a widespread and massive deployment of spatially dense, high-resolution seismic networks around earthquake-prone areas either related to tectonic activity or industrial energy-exploitation operations. In the case of human-induced seismicity, continuous, real-time monitoring provides operators and risk managers with data and models with which to assess the risks and manage their activities to minimize the potential earthquake impacts on population and industrial facilities. Advanced technologies and methodologies have been developed and used to detect and precisely locate earthquakes and to characterize their sizes and mechanisms, with the aim of monitoring the seismicity and tracking its possible space–time–magnitude evolution in the short and intermediate terms. These cover a broad range of topics, from innovative sensor networks and probe technologies, including fiber-optic DAS technology, constellations of small-aperture antennas and borehole linear arrays, to the application of machine-learning algorithms to detect signals below the noise level originated by ultra-micro earthquakes and to construct rich and high-quality automatic seismic catalogs.

This Special Issue focuses on emerging technologies, methods, and case-study applications at the seismological local observation scale, to collect state-of-the-art and breakthrough contributions on the various research topics related to the determination of earthquake source parameters. It includes but it is not limited to the following topics:

  • Innovative sensor network technologies;
  • Seismic array techniques;
  • Machine learning applied to seismic waveforms;
  • Automatic earthquake detection and location techniques;
  • Fault geometry and mechanisms of earthquakes;
  • Seismic moment, energy, and magnitude determination methods;
  • The static and dynamic stress release of earthquakes;
  • Fault kinematic and dynamic rupture parameters;
  • Systems for automatic earthquake detection and bulletin construction.

Prof. Dr. Aldo Zollo
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • earthquake detection and location
  • sensor network technology
  • seismic arrays
  • machine-learning application to seismic waveforms
  • earthquake source parameters
  • fault mechanism and stress orientation
  • kinematic and dynamic fault models

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3190 KiB  
Article
The Statistical Fingerprint of Fluid-Injection Operations on Microseismic Activity at the Val d’Agri Oil Field (Southern Italy)
by Tony Alfredo Stabile and Luciano Telesca
Energies 2023, 16(16), 5877; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165877 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
In this paper, we examined the dynamical properties of the fluid-injection microseismicity at the Val d’Agri oil field (southern Italy) by applying different statistical methods to find correlations and common periodicities with injection parameters, such as injected volumes and injection pressure. Two periods [...] Read more.
In this paper, we examined the dynamical properties of the fluid-injection microseismicity at the Val d’Agri oil field (southern Italy) by applying different statistical methods to find correlations and common periodicities with injection parameters, such as injected volumes and injection pressure. Two periods of observation were analyzed: (1) from 2006 to 2015 (the first 10 years after the beginning of injection operations), the seismicity was recorded by the seismic network of the ENI company that manages the exploitation of the oilfield; (2) from 2016 to 2018, the seismicity was recorded by a denser seismic network capable of significantly reducing the completeness magnitude. If a significant correlation between seismicity and fluid-injection variables was found in the first period, in the second period, the seismic activity and injection variables were characterized by common periodicities after the reservoir acidification and for injection rates above 1900 m3/day. Finally, we applied and compared two different approaches proposed in the literature to forecast the maximum expected magnitude. The results showed that one of the approaches yielded an estimated maximum magnitude of Mmax = 1.7 ± 0.4, which is consistent with the maximum observed magnitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Monitoring of the Subsoil for the Exploitation of Energy Sources)
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15 pages, 2384 KiB  
Article
Time Domain Source Parameter Estimation of Natural and Man-Induced Microearthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field
by Valeria Longobardi, Sahar Nazeri, Simona Colombelli, Raffaele Rea, Grazia De Landro and Aldo Zollo
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031121 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2402
Abstract
Water injection in geothermal areas is the preferential strategy to sustain the natural production of geothermal resources. In this context, monitoring microearthquakes is a fundamental tool to track changes in the reservoirs in terms of soil composition, response to injections, and resource exploitation [...] Read more.
Water injection in geothermal areas is the preferential strategy to sustain the natural production of geothermal resources. In this context, monitoring microearthquakes is a fundamental tool to track changes in the reservoirs in terms of soil composition, response to injections, and resource exploitation with space and time. Therefore, refined source characterization is crucial to better estimate the size, source mechanism, and rupture process of microearthquakes, as they are possibly related to industrial activities, and to identify any potential variation in the background seismicity. Standard approaches for source parameter estimation are ordinarily based on the modelling of Fourier displacement spectra and its characteristic parameters: the low-frequency spectral level and corner frequency. Here, we apply an innovative time domain technique that uses the curves of P-wave amplitude vs. time along the seismogram. This methodology allows estimation of seismic moment, source radius, and stress release from the plateau level and the corner time of the average logarithm of P-wave displacement versus time with the assumption of a triangular moment rate function, uniform rupture speed, and a constant/frequency-independent Q-factor. In the current paper, this time domain methodology is implemented on a selected catalog of microearthquakes consisting of 83 events with a moment magnitude ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 that occurred during a 7-year period (2007–2014) of fluid extraction/injection around Prati-9 and Prati-29 wells at The Geysers geothermal field. The results show that the time domain technique provides accurate seismic moment (moment magnitude) and rupture duration/radius estimates of microearthquakes down to the explored limit (M 1) while accounting for the anelastic attenuation effect in the radiated high-frequency wavefield. The retrieved source radius vs. moment scaling is consistent with a self-similar, constant stress drop scaling model, which proves an appropriate attenuation correction and the validity of the assumed, triangular moment rate function for microearthquake ruptures. Two alternative mechanical models are proposed to explain the observed difference (about two orders of magnitude) in the retrieved average stress release estimates between the time and frequency domain methods. We argue that the two quantities may not refer to the same physical quantity representing the stress release of earthquake ruptures. Either the smaller stress release values from the time domain method may indicate a larger fracture area (by a factor of 20) radiating the observed P-waveforms than the one estimated from the corner frequencies, or the frequency domain estimate is a proxy for dynamic stress release while the time domain is more representative of the static release. The latter is associated with a much lower dynamic friction value than static friction value at the fault during the rupture process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Monitoring of the Subsoil for the Exploitation of Energy Sources)
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17 pages, 3561 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Microseismicity through a Dense Seismic Array and a Similarity Search Detection Technique: Application to the Seismic Monitoring of Collalto Gas-Storage, North Italy
by Antonio Scala, Guido Maria Adinolfi, Matteo Picozzi, Francesco Scotto di Uccio, Gaetano Festa, Grazia De Landro, Enrico Priolo, Stefano Parolai, Rosario Riccio and Marco Romanelli
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103504 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2696
Abstract
Seismic monitoring in areas where induced earthquakes could occur is a challenging topic for seismologists due to the generally very low signal to noise ratio. Therefore, the seismological community is devoting several efforts to the development of high-quality networks around the areas where [...] Read more.
Seismic monitoring in areas where induced earthquakes could occur is a challenging topic for seismologists due to the generally very low signal to noise ratio. Therefore, the seismological community is devoting several efforts to the development of high-quality networks around the areas where fluid injection and storage and geothermal activities take place, also following the national induced seismicity monitoring guidelines. The use of advanced data mining strategies, such as template matching filters, auto-similarity search, and deep-learning approaches, has recently further fostered such monitoring, enhancing the seismic catalogs and lowering the magnitude of completeness of these areas. In this framework, we carried out an experiment where a small-aperture seismic array was installed within the dense seismic network used for monitoring the gas reservoir of Collalto, in North Italy. The continuous velocimetric data, acquired for 25 days, were analysed through the application of the optimized auto-similarity search technique FAST. The array was conceived as a cost-effective network, aimed at integrating, right above the gas storage site, the permanent high-resolution Collalto Seismic Network. The analysis allowed to detect micro-events down to magnitude Ml = −0.4 within a distance of ~15 km from the array. Our results confirmed that the system based on the array installation and the FAST data analysis might contribute to lowering the magnitude of completeness around the site of about 0.7 units. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Monitoring of the Subsoil for the Exploitation of Energy Sources)
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