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Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 June 2023) | Viewed by 25299

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Dziubak Tadeusz

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00 908 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: intake systems of internal combustion engines; systems of intake air filtration of internal combustion engines; two-stage air filters for engines of special vehicles; numerical and experimental tests of through-flow cyclones; tests of dust absorption coefficient of fibrous filter materials; influence of air filter flow resistance on internal combustion engine operation; modeling of technical conditions and diagnostics of air filters

Dr. Karczewski Mirosław

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00 908 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: liquid and gaseous fuels for internal combustion engines; alternative fuels; combustion engines; control algorithms for combustion engines; engine diagnostics; internal combustion engines in military applications

Dr. Wróblewski Piotr

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology and Economics H. Chodkowska, 82f Jagiellońska St., 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: simulation and experimental studies of the dynamics of piston mechanisms of internal combustion engines; modeling with the use of neural networks to calculate the executive parameters of vehicles with conventional and alternative drive; research on frictional resistance of piston rings; modeling of oil film parameters on the cylinder bearing surface of an internal combustion engine; study of the structural changes of the experimental surface of the mating kinematic pairs of the engine
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The internal combustion engine, as a power source, still plays a significant role in individual and freight transport by land, air, and sea. It is also used to power specific off-road vehicles, heavy machinery, military equipment, and many others. The combustion processes of hydrocarbon fuels, taking place in the engine, apart from the basic function (conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy), will have to be implemented in a way where climate protection and minimization of the use of fossil fuel reserves become much more important. In 2020, 103 million new vehicles were produced on the global market, approximately 100 million equipped with an internal combustion engine.

Increasingly stringent exhaust emissions regulations, along with the depletion of fossil fuels, put emphasis on the importance of developing renewable and alternative fuels. In recent years, potential sources of alternative fuels have emerged: natural gas, biogas, biodiesel, vegetable oils, and other types of biofuels that replace fossil fuels due to their advantages, such as availability, biodegradability, and renewability.

In the coming years, engineering will continue to play a significant role in reducing fuel consumption and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by engines. Technological solutions that improve the overall energy efficiency of the drivetrains are an important factor in reducing the level of CO₂ and other exhaust gas emissions. We have a few examples of this, such as hybrid concepts,allowing to benefit from the synergy of internal combustion and electric engines, or the idea of downsizing, in which the equipment of combustion engines increases their total efficiency. In addition to the technological solutions used today to minimize fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions, engineers and designers are looking for other methods, both for gasoline and diesel engines. Examples include controlling the combustion process with the use of cylinder pressure sensors, controlling the filling process by changing the valve lift and valve timing, improving the efficiency of the drive system thanks to energy recovery from exhaust heat, reducing radiators’ heat loss, or reducing flow resistance in the intake system using composite filter materials.

The necessity to systematize and disseminate knowledge in the open access mode concerning internal combustion engines is a premise for the creation of a Special Edition in the Energies journal. Experts in this field are encouraged to share their latest discoveries in the form of original research papers. The works presented in the Special Edition should concern issues related to the production, design, and optimization of the operation of ICE and their systems, in particular, innovative power systems and the improvement of vehicle design. We encourage scientists to present analyses of the operation of individual combustion engine systems and vehicle systems, as well as research on their exploitation, and the specifics of special applications such as military vehicles.

Prof. Dr. Dziubak Tadeusz
Dr. Karczewski Mirosław
Dr. Wróblewski Piotr
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

alternative fuels for internal combustion engines
intake air filtration systems for internal combustion engines
influence of the air filter on engine operation
fuel injection modes
modeling of cooperation: piston–piston rings–cylinder
combustion control and modeling
innovative combustion concepts
engine performance
engine thermodynamics
emission characteristics
biofuels blending
internal combustion engines in vehicles
internal combustion engines in special applications
engine’s special construction
model of vehicle
modern car layouts
sustainable development of transport

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 3962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of a PowerCore Filter Bed Operating in a Two-Stage System for Cleaning the Inlet Air of Internal Combustion Engines

by Tadeusz Dziubak

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093802 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 807

Abstract

Small dust grains cause a higher intensity of increase in the flow resistance of the fibrous filter bed, which, due to the established value of the permissible resistance, results in a shorter period of operation of the air filter and the vehicle. At the same time, the mass of dust per unit of filtration area takes on smaller values. Such a phenomenon occurs in the two-stage “multicyclone-baffle filter” engine inlet air filtration system. The main objective of this study was to experimentally determine the mass of dust retained per unit of filtration area (dust absorption coefficient k_m) of the PowerCore filter bed operating under two-stage filtration conditions, which cannot be found in the available literature. The original methodology and conditions for determining the dust absorption coefficient k_m of a PowerCore filter bed operating under two-stage filtration conditions are presented. Tests were carried out on the characteristics of filtration efficiency and accuracy, as well as on the flow resistance of a filtration unit consisting of a single cyclone and a PowerCore test filter with an appropriately selected surface area of filter material. During the tests, conditions corresponding to the actual conditions of vehicle use and air filter operation were maintained, including filtration speed and the dust concentration in the air. The experimentally determined dust absorption coefficient of the PowerCore research filters operating in a two-stage filtration system took on values in the range of k_m = 199–219 g/m². The dust absorption coefficient k_m of the PowerCore research filter operating under single-stage filtration conditions reached a value of k_m = 434 g/m², which is twice as high. Prediction of the mileage of a car equipped with a single-stage and two-stage “multi-cyclone-partition” filtration system was carried out, showing the usefulness of the experimentally determined dust absorption coefficients k_m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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32 pages, 10616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Replacing Diesel Fuel by CNG on the Emission of Harmful Exhaust Gas Components and Emission Changes in a Dual-Fuel Engine

by Mirosław Karczewski and Grzegorz Szamrej

Energies 2023, 16(1), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010475 - 01 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1300

Abstract

The constant development of civilization increases environmental pollution as a result of industrial activity and transport. Consequently, human activity in this area is restricted by regulations governing the permissible emission of harmful substance components into the environment. These include substances emitted by combustion engines, the use of which remains high in many industries. Consequently, research is being conducted to reduce the emissions of harmful exhaust components from existing and newly manufactured internal combustion engines. This research presents a used semi-truck engine, in which an innovative Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) supply system was applied. Using this fuel supply installation allows a mass exchange of the base diesel fuel to natural gas of up to 90%. The study evaluated the effect of the diesel/CNG exchange ratio for different engine operating conditions (engine load, speed) on the concentration of toxic components, such as CO, NO, NO₂, NO_X, as a sum of NO, NO₂, CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, NH₃, and CH₂O. The use of a dual-fuel system had a positive effect on the emissions of some harmful exhaust components, even in an engine from a vehicle that had been running for many years on diesel and at high mileage, but, simultaneously, the emissions of some harmful exhaust gas components increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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17 pages, 7152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Approach for Scrubber Wash Water pH Modelling

by Marian Ristea, Adrian Popa and Ionut Cristian Scurtu

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145140 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1355

Abstract

In the current article, we will use a CFD approach for the scrubber wash water dilution simulation, by considering the current MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee, a subsidiary of IMO—International Maritime Organization) regulations that are in force. The necessity for scrubber wash water pH modelling and its importance in the current environmental framework is emphasized. The presented 3D model is considered as a 400 mm hydraulic diameter fluid domain with two outlets and a discharge water flow rate of 3050 m³/h for the considered pH value of 3, obtained within a state-of-the-art exhaust gas scrubber solution developed by a major EGCS (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems) supplier. The CFD study was developed by considering a k-ε turbulence model. In order to achieve accurate results, a structured mesh with two levels of refinement volumes was realized. Based on the obtained data and the various parameters discussed, the paper presents a way to investigate the optimal results for further analytical research of the scrubber washwater dilution process within the exhaust gas cleaning system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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18 pages, 7579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Working Parameters of the Chassis Dynamometer on the Assessment of Tuning of Dual-Fuel Systems

by Janusz Chojnowski and Mirosław Karczewski

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4869; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134869 - 02 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

The article presents the justification for the necessity to use chassis dynamometers in the tuning process of dual-fuel trucks. The research system used and the research methodology are presented. The research results present the approach to solving problems related to setting the technical (physical) data of the tested vehicle on the dynamometer, selection of the vehicle engine operation range, the impact of the value of the forced load on the vehicle drive axle, selection of the dyno operation mode for the expected tasks and the impact of the correctness of the selection of the scope of the analysis of data on losses in the drive system. The article shows the above-mentioned influence on the test results on the dynamometer and on the tuning results. The article closes with a conclusion detailing prospects for developing the presented results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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31 pages, 7110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Air Filter Pressure Drop on the Composition and Emission Changes of a Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engine

by Tadeusz Dziubak and Mirosław Karczewski

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4815; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134815 - 30 Jun 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion Diesel engine. A literature analysis of the methods of reducing the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases from SI engines was conducted. It has been shown that the air filter pressure drop, increasing during the engine operation, causes a significant decrease in power output and an increase in fuel consumption, as well as smoke emission of Diesel engines with the classical injection system with a piston (sectional) in-line injection pump. It has also been shown, on the basis of a few literature studies, that the increase in the resistance of air filter flow causes a change in the composition of car combustion engines, with the effect of the air filter pressure drop on turbocharged engines being insignificant. A programme, and conditions of tests, on a dynamometer of a modern six-cylinder engine with displacement V_ss = 15.8 dm³ and power rating 226 kW were prepared, regarding the influence of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the parameters of its operation. For each technical state of the air filter, in the range of rotational speed n = 1000–2100 rpm, measurements of exhaust gas composition and emission were carried out, as well as measurements and calculations of engine-operating parameters, namely that of effective power. An increase in the pressure drop in the inlet system of a modern Diesel truck engine has no significant effect on the emissions of CO, CO₂, HC and NO_x to the atmosphere, nor does it cause significant changes in the degree of smoke opacity of exhaust gases in relation to its permissible value. An increase in air filter pressure drop from value Δp_f = 0.580 kPa to Δp_f = 2.024 kPa (by 1.66 kPa) causes a decrease in the maximum filling factor value from η_υ = 2.5 to η_υ = 2.39, that is by 4.5%, and a decrease in maximum power by 8.8%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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26 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Replacing Diesel Fuel with CNG on the Concentration of Harmful Substances in Exhaust Gases in a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine

by Mirosław Karczewski, Grzegorz Szamrej and Janusz Chojnowski

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134563 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

The problem of global warming and related climate change, as well as rising oil prices, is driving the implementation of ideas that not only reduce the consumption of liquid fuels, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of them is the use of natural gas as an energy source. It is a hydrocarbon fuel with properties allowing the reduction of CO₂ emissions during its combustion. Therefore, solutions are being implemented that allow natural gas to be supplied to means of transport, which are trucks of various categories and purposes. This article presents the results of tests of an engine from a used semi-truck, to which an innovative compressed natural gas (CNG) supply system was installed. This installation (both hardware and software), depending on the engine operating conditions, enables mass replacement by natural gas (up to 90%) of the basic fuel—diesel oil. During the tests, on the basis of the obtained results, the influence of the diesel fuel/CNG exchange ratio under various engine operating conditions on the concentration of toxic CO₂, CO, NO, NO₂, CH_4, C₂H_6, NMHC, NH₃ and exhaust smoke was assessed. The test results confirm that, compared to conventional fueling, the diesel/CNG-fueled engine allows for a significant reduction in CO₂ concentration even in a car operated for several years with diesel fuel and with high mileage. The use of a non-factory installation significantly increased the concentration of methane CH₄, nitrogen dioxide NO₂ and carbon monoxide CO in the exhaust gas. It was found that the smoke content and the temperature of exhaust gases did not decrease with increasing ratio of fuel replacement. The concentration of CO, NO_X, CH₄ and NMHC was increased, while the concentration of CO₂, C₂H₆, NH₃ and the consumption of diesel fuel by the engine, decreased significantly. The innovation of the research is based on the use of a modern and unique engine gas fuel system control system where the original fuel supply system with unit pumps is able to reduce diesel oil consumption by up to 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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37 pages, 13868 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental Investigation of Possibilities to Improve Filtration Efficiency of Tangential Inlet Return Cyclones by Modification of Their Design

by Tadeusz Dziubak

Energies 2022, 15(11), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113871 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2803

Abstract

It has been shown that tangential inlet return cyclones are commonly used for inlet air filtration of off-road vehicle engines. The wear of the engine elements, and thus their durability, is determined by the efficiency and accuracy of the inlet air filtration. It has been shown that the possibilities of increasing the separation efficiency or decreasing the pressure drop of a cyclone by changing the main dimensions of the cyclone are limited, because any arbitrary change in one of the dimensions of an already operating cyclone may cause the opposite effect. A literature analysis of the possibility of increasing the filtration efficiency of cyclones by modifying the design of selected cyclone components was conducted. In this paper, three modifications of the cyclone design with a tangential inlet of the inlet air filter of a military tracked vehicle were proposed and performed. The symmetrical inlet of the cyclone was replaced with an asymmetrical inlet. The cylindrical outlet tube was replaced with a conical tube, and the edges of the inlet opening were given an additional streamlined shape. The modification process was carried out on three specimens of the reversible cyclone with a tangential inlet. After each modification, an experimental evaluation of the modifications was carried out. The influence of the modifications on the cyclone’s efficiency characteristics and pressure drop was examined. Subsequent modifications of the cyclone were performed on the same specimen without removing the previous modifications. Tests were performed in the air flow range Q_G = 5–30 m³/h. Polydisperse “fine” test dust with grain size d_pmax = 80 µm was used for testing. The dust concentration at the cyclone inlet was set at 1 g/m². The performed modifications caused a slight (about 1%) increase in separation efficiency in the range of small (up to Q_G = 22 m³/h) flux values and about 30% decrease in pressure drop in the whole range of the Q_G flux, which positively influences the increase in engine filling and its power. There was a noticeable increase in filtration accuracy in the range of low and high values of Q_G flux, which results in a decrease in the wear of engine components, especially the piston-piston ring-cylinder (P-PR-C) association, and an increase in their durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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32 pages, 9534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of the Effect of Air Filter Pressure Drop on Internal Combustion Engine Performance

by Tadeusz Dziubak and Mirosław Karczewski

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093285 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4255

Abstract

The paper presents the problem of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion engine with compression ignition. A literature analysis of the results of investigations of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the filling, power and fuel consumption of carburetor and diesel engines with classical injection system was carried out. It was shown that each increase in the air filter pressure drop Δp_f by 1 kPa results in an average decrease in engine power by SI 1–1.5% and an increase in specific fuel consumption by about 0.7. For compression ignition engines, the values are 0.4–0.6% decrease in power and 0.3–0.5% increase in specific fuel consumption. The values of the permissible resistance of the air filter flow Δp_fdop determined from the condition of 3% decrease in engine power are given, which are at the level of 2.5–4.0 kPa—passenger car engines, 4–7 kPa—truck engines and 9–12 kPa—special purpose vehicles. Possibilities of decreasing the pressure drop of the inlet system, which result in the increase of the engine filling and power, were analyzed. The program and conditions of dynamometer engine tests were worked out in respect to the influence of the air filter pressure drop on the operation parameters of the six-cylinder engine of the swept volume V_ss = 15.8 dm³ and power rating of 226 kW. Three technical states of the air filter were modeled by increasing the pressure drop of the filter element. For each technical state of the air filter, measurements and calculations of engine operating parameters, including power, hourly and specific fuel consumption, boost pressure and temperature, were carried out in the speed range n = 1000–2100 rpm. It was shown that the increase in air filter pressure drop causes a decrease in power (9.31%), hourly fuel consumption (7.87%), exhaust temperature (5.1%) and boost pressure (3.11%). At the same time, there is an increase in specific fuel consumption (2.52%) and the smoke of exhaust gases, which does not exceed the permissible values resulting from the technical conditions for admission of vehicles to traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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18 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Unit Values of the Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Production of Biofuels in the Life Cycle

by Mariusz Niekurzak

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8394; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248394 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2008

Abstract

Thanks to the allocation methods, i.e., the division of the total GHG emissions between each of the products generated in the production of biofuels, it is possible to reduce the emissions of these gases by up to 35% in relation to the production and combustion of fuels derived from crude oil. As part of this study, the biodiesel production process was analyzed in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the basis of the obtained results, the key factors influencing the emissions level of the biodiesel production process were identified. In order to assess the sensitivity of the results of the adopted allocation method, this study included calculations of GHG emissions with an allocation method based on mass, energy, and financial shares. The article reviews recent advances that have the potential to enable a sustainable energy transition, a green economy, and carbon neutrality in the biofuels sector. The paper shows that the technology used for the production of biodiesel is of great importance for sustainable development. The possibility of using renewable raw materials for the production of fuels leads to a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels and lower emission of pollutants. It showed that during the combustion of biodiesel, the percentages of released gas components, with the exception of nitrogen oxides, which increased by 13%, were significantly lower: CO₂—78%, CO—43%, SO₂—100%, PM10—32%, and volatile hydrocarbons—63%. Moreover, it was found that biodiesel undergoes five times faster biodegradation in the environment than diesel oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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Review

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50 pages, 21375 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Study on the Effect of Inlet Air Pollution on the Engine Component Wear and Operation

by Tadeusz Dziubak and Sebastian Dominik Dziubak

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031182 - 05 Feb 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6057

Abstract

This paper systematically reviews the research progress in the field of the influence of air pollutants in the engine inlet on the accelerated wear of the elements of the association: piston, piston rings, cylinder liner (P-PR-CL), and plain bearing (journal–panel). It was shown at the outset that the primary component of air pollution is road dust. Its main components are dust grains of hard minerals (SiO₂, Al₂O₃), which penetrate the oil film area between two frictionally mating surfaces causing their abrasive wear. Therefore, the effect of three dust parameters (grain size and hardness, and dust concentration in air) on the accelerated wear of the friction pair: piston, piston rings, cylinder liner(P-PR-CL), and plain bearing (journal–pan) is presented extensively. It was noted that the wear values of the same component were obtained by different researchers using different testing techniques and evaluated by different indices. It has been shown that the greatest wear of two frictionally cooperating surfaces is caused by dust grains with sizes equal to the thickness of the oil film at a given moment, which in typical combustion engine associations assumes varied and variable values in the range of 0–50 µm. The oil film thickness between the upper ring and the cylinder liner varies and depends on the crankshaft rotation angle, engine speed and load, and oil viscosity, and takes values less than 10 µm. It was shown that the maximum wear of the cylinder liner, resulting from the cooperation with the piston rings, occurs in the top dead centre (TDC) area and results from unfavorable (high temperature, low piston speed) operating conditions of these elements. From the extensive literature data cited, it follows that abrasive wear is caused by dust grains of specific dimensions, most often 5–20 µm, the greater the wear the greater the hardness of the grains and the sulfur content of the fuel. At the same time, it was shown that the main bearing, crankshaft bearing, and oil ring experienced maximum wear by a different range of particle size, respectively: 20–40, 5–10, and 20–80 μm. It was shown that the mass of dust that enters the engine cylinders and thus the wear of the components is determined by the concentration of dust, the value of which is definitely reduced by the air filter. However, it was pointed out that the low initial filtration efficiency and the presence of large dust grains in the purified air in the initial period of the filter operation (after replacement of the filter element with a new one) may have an impact on the accelerated wear of mainly (P-PR-CL) association. The next stage of the paper presents the effects of excessive wear of the cylinder liner and piston rings of the engine, resulting from actual vehicle operation and bench tests on the decrease in compression pressure and engine power, increase in the intensity of exhaust gas blow-by into the oil sump and increase in oil consumption and exhaust gas toxicity. This paper addresses the current problem of the effect of engine inlet air contaminants on the performance of the air flow meter, which is an essential sensor of the modern internal combustion engine. The phenomenon of deposition of contaminants (mineral dust, salt, carbon deposit, and moisture) on the measuring element (wire or layer anemometer) of the air flow meter has been analyzed. The empirical results presented show that the mineral dust layer on the measuring element of the air flow meter causes a 17.9% reduction in output voltage, and the dust and oil layer causes a 46.7% reduction in output voltage. This affects the decrease in engine power and exhaust toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Combustion Engines and Motor Vehicles)

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