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Emerging Trends and Challenges in Zero-Energy Districts

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2025) | Viewed by 4950

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Architecture, University IUAV of Venice, 30123 Venice, Italy
Interests: zero energy buildings; energy efficiency; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: sustainability; energy and environmental protocols; town planning; climate change; energy efficiency; rating systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cities are home to more than 50 percent of the world's population, generate 80 percent of global GDP, consume two-thirds of global energy, and are responsible for more than 70 percent of annual carbon emissions. In light of the potential for further increases in these figures, it is imperative to adopt a sustainable approach to energy rehabilitation and energy efficiency. This should extend beyond the scale of individual buildings to encompass entire neighborhoods or districts. It is imperative that an interdisciplinary and holistic approach be adopted. At the European level, initiatives such as Renewable Energy Communities and the first Positive Energy Districts are emerging. Meanwhile, at the international level, sustainability certifications are spreading from the neighborhood to the urban scale. Examples of this include LEED for Neighbourhood, LEED for Cities, BREEAM Communities, and CASBEE for Cities. This Special Issue has been designed to bring together research and new methodologies that are focused on energy redevelopment and sustainability. In particular, it will consider work at the neighborhood level and above.

Dr. Massimiliano Scarpa
Dr. Elena Mazzola
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sustainable energy
  • energy efficiency
  • urban sustainability
  • renewable energy communities
  • positive energy districts
  • sustainability certifications

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4965 KB  
Article
Renewable Energy Communities as Means of the Fulfilment of Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans in Historic Urban Districts: The Case Study of Villorba—Treviso (Italy)
by Elena Mazzola, Massimiliano Scarpa and Francesco Gastaldi
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5440; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205440 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) are increasingly recognized as a key tool to foster the local integration of renewable energy and to achieve sustainable climate and energy targets. In Italy, they could be particularly beneficial in municipalities combining heritage constraints with large industrial areas. [...] Read more.
Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) are increasingly recognized as a key tool to foster the local integration of renewable energy and to achieve sustainable climate and energy targets. In Italy, they could be particularly beneficial in municipalities combining heritage constraints with large industrial areas. This study focuses on Villorba (Treviso, Veneto), where the installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels on historical buildings is restricted, while a considerable stock of industrial buildings offers high potential for renewable energy deployment. A mapping of the building stock and PV potential based on Geographic Information System (GIS) was combined with hourly building energy simulations using an EnergyPlus-based tool. Several scenarios of PV installation on industrial roofs were assessed and compared against Villorba’s Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) targets. The results show that PV systems installed on industrial buildings could significantly contribute to the electricity demand of the residential and municipal buildings. However, a more realistic approach should consider the concurrent generation and demand for electricity. The results with such an approach highlight that reduced PV capacities can achieve similar levels of local electricity self-consumption, thus decreasing investment costs and avoiding grid imbalances. This study demonstrates the strategic role of RECs in heritage-sensitive contexts and supports more resilient and realistic SECAP planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Challenges in Zero-Energy Districts)
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18 pages, 1441 KB  
Article
Comparison of a Solar Driven Absorption Chiller and Photovoltaic Compression Chiller Under Different Demand Profiles: Technological, Environmental and Economic Performance
by Juan José Roncal-Casano, Javier Rodríguez-Martín, Paolo Taddeo, Javier Muñoz-Antón and Alberto Abánades-Velasco
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5334; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205334 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 731
Abstract
HVAC systems are becoming increasingly important around the world due to the increasing need for climatization in recent years. While district heating systems have been used for a long time, district cooling systems tend to be something that is only reserved for large [...] Read more.
HVAC systems are becoming increasingly important around the world due to the increasing need for climatization in recent years. While district heating systems have been used for a long time, district cooling systems tend to be something that is only reserved for large buildings, making decentralized cooling flourish, shaping the idea of considering it as the first choice when it comes to cooling devices, disregarding the efficiency of larger systems. This article compares two technologies for district energy solutions. One option features single-stage absorption chillers using solar thermal technologies (Fresnel collectors) for heat, while the other uses high-efficiency compression chillers with photovoltaic technologies. Parametric studies were used to determine system sizes and considerations were taken to perform such as comparison. This paper concludes that compression chillers are the better option for cooling systems with variable demand while absorption chillers are a good choice for systems with constant demand, like data centers, especially when there is a high-temperature heat source available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Challenges in Zero-Energy Districts)
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Review

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28 pages, 1263 KB  
Review
Economic Impact Assessment for Positive Energy Districts: A Literature Review
by Marco Volpatti, Andreas Tuerk, Camilla Neumann, Ilaria Marotta, Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Matthias Haase, Francesco Guarino, Rosaria Volpe and Adriano Bisello
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5341; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205341 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
To address the global challenge of sustainable energy transition in cities, there is a growing demand for innovative solutions to provide flexible, low-carbon, and socio-economically profitable energy systems. In this context, there is a need for holistic evaluation frameworks for the prioritization and [...] Read more.
To address the global challenge of sustainable energy transition in cities, there is a growing demand for innovative solutions to provide flexible, low-carbon, and socio-economically profitable energy systems. In this context, there is a need for holistic evaluation frameworks for the prioritization and economic optimization of interventions. This paper provides a literature review on sustainable planning and economic impact assessment of innovative urban areas, such as Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), to analyze research trends in terms of evaluation methods, impacts, system boundaries, and identify conceptual and methodological gaps. A dedicated search was conducted in the Scopus database using several query strings to conduct a systematic review. At the end, 57 documents were collected and categorized by analysis approach, indicators, project interventions, and other factors. The review shows that the Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) is the most frequently adopted method, while Life Cycle Costing and Multi-Criteria Analysis result in a more limited application. Only in a few cases is the reduction in GHG emissions and disposal costs a part of the economic model. Furthermore, cost assessments usually do not consider the integration of the district into the wider energy network, such as the interaction with energy markets. From a more holistic perspective, additional costs and benefits should be included in the analysis and monetized, such as the co-impact on the social and environmental dimensions (e.g., social well-being, thermal comfort improvement, and biodiversity preservation) and other operational benefits (e.g., increase in property value, revenues from Demand Response, and Peer-To-Peer schemes) and disposal costs, considering specific discount rates. By adopting this multi-criteria thinking, future research should also deepen the synergies between urban sectors by focusing more attention on mobility, urban waste and green management, and the integration of district heating networks. According to this vision, investments in PEDs can generate a better social return and favour the development of shared interdisciplinary solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Challenges in Zero-Energy Districts)
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33 pages, 1827 KB  
Review
Advances in Hosting Capacity Assessment and Enhancement Techniques for Distributed Energy Resources: A Review of Dynamic Operating Envelopes in the Australian Grid
by Naveed Ali Brohi, Gokul Thirunavukkarasu, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Kafeel Ahmed, Alex Stojcevski and Saad Mekhilef
Energies 2025, 18(11), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112922 - 2 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2498
Abstract
The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) in low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) distribution networks is reshaping traditional grid operations. This shift introduces challenges including voltage violations, [...] Read more.
The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) in low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) distribution networks is reshaping traditional grid operations. This shift introduces challenges including voltage violations, thermal overloading, and power quality issues due to bidirectional power flows. Hosting capacity (HC) assessment has become essential for quantifying and optimizing DER integration while ensuring grid stability. This paper reviews state-of-the-art HC assessment methods, including deterministic, stochastic, time-series, and AI-based approaches. Techniques for enhancing HC—such as on-load tap changers, reactive power control, and network reconfiguration—are also discussed. A key focus is the emerging concept of dynamic operating envelopes (DOEs), which enable real-time allocation of HC by dynamically adjusting import/export limits for DERs based on operational conditions. The paper examines the benefits, challenges, and implementation of DOEs, supported by insights from Australian projects. Technical, regulatory, and social aspects are addressed, including network visibility, DER uncertainty, scalability, and cybersecurity. The study highlights the potential of integrating DOEs with other HC enhancement strategies to support efficient, reliable, and scalable DER integration in modern distribution networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Challenges in Zero-Energy Districts)
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