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Development and Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Future Power Grids

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2026 | Viewed by 1827

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dario Pelosi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
Interests: hybrid energy storage systems; power quality; renewables; microgrids; battery state of health assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Lorenzo Trombetti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
Interests: hydrogen; fuel cells; hybrid energy storage systems; battery state of health assessment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The transition from centralized fossil fuel-based to decentralized power production, including renewable energy sources, represents a critical step in addressing global environmental concerns. Nevertheless, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, are inherently intermittent and non-programmable, so future power grids stability and reliability challenges need to be addressed. In this framework, the integration of energy storage systems into future power grids is vital for storing excess energy generated by renewable sources and enabling its use when demand exceeds supply.

This Special Issue focuses on the latest developments in energy storage technologies, emphasizing their integration into renewable-based grids. It highlights advances in the modelling, control, and application of energy storage systems that support renewable-based electric grids. Topics include, but are not limited to, innovative energy storage solutions for microgrids, advanced modelling approaches, transient stability analysis, and power smoothing techniques. A special focus is given to the implementation of energy storage systems for grid services. In particular, the study of battery electric vehicles performing vehicle-to-X (V2X) services, such as bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-building (V2B) and vehicle-to-home (V2H), is undertaken. Additionally, this Special Issue covers crucial aspects such as energy storage control strategies, experimental testing, aging effects, state of health prediction and monitoring, and techno-economic analysis of these systems. Our goal is to foster research that supports the integration of energy storage systems into renewable-based power grids, providing more reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy solutions. This Special Issue will advance our shared understanding of energy storage technologies, paving the way for their widespread adoption and contributing to the future of clean energy systems.

Dr. Dario Pelosi
Dr. Lorenzo Trombetti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy storage systems
  • renewables
  • grid services
  • power and energy management
  • control strategies
  • electric vehicles
  • microgrids

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 7901 KB  
Article
Coordination of Multiple BESS Units in a Low-Voltage Distribution Network Using Leader–Follower and Leaderless Control
by Margarita Kitso, Bagas Ihsan Priambodo, Joel Alpízar-Castillo, Laura Ramírez-Elizondo and Pavol Bauer
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4566; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174566 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 720
Abstract
High shares of photovoltaic energy in low-voltage distribution systems lead to voltage limit violations. Deploying energy storage systems in the network can compensate for the mismatch between the generation and the consumption; nevertheless, the mismatch is unevenly distributed throughout the network, suggesting aggregated [...] Read more.
High shares of photovoltaic energy in low-voltage distribution systems lead to voltage limit violations. Deploying energy storage systems in the network can compensate for the mismatch between the generation and the consumption; nevertheless, the mismatch is unevenly distributed throughout the network, suggesting aggregated control strategies as a solution. This paper proposes two coordination control strategies of batteries to address network overvoltage conditions caused by high penetration of photovoltaic systems. The leader–follower coordination strategy determines a battery’s utilization factor by using the node closest to a voltage violation as a reference. The leaderless control uses a shared utilization factor to avoid excessive usage of a particular agent in the network. We tested both approaches in the 18-node CIGRE network for scenarios when not all agents were available and when they had different starting states-of-charge. Our results demonstrate that both strategies are capable of voltage control; however, the leader–follower control leads to uneven storage usage, ultimately leading to short-time failure to comply with the voltage limits under extreme conditions where neighbouring agents must compensate for the unavailable one. Conversely, the leaderless approach presents more balanced use of the agents thanks to the distributed utilization factor, resulting in a more robust control strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Future Power Grids)
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19 pages, 2017 KB  
Article
Analysis of Grid Scale Storage Effectiveness for a West African Interconnected Transmission System
by Julius Abayateye and Daniel Zimmerle
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143741 - 15 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 567
Abstract
The West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) has faced challenges with frequency control due to limited primary frequency control reserves (PFRs). Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) have been identified as a possible solution to address frequency control challenges and to [...] Read more.
The West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) Interconnected Transmission System (WAPPITS) has faced challenges with frequency control due to limited primary frequency control reserves (PFRs). Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) have been identified as a possible solution to address frequency control challenges and to support growing levels of variable renewable energy in the WAPPITS. This paper uses a dynamic PSS/E grid simulation to evaluate the effectiveness of BESSs and conventional power plants for the maximum N-1 contingency scenario in WAPPITS—the loss of 400 MW of generation. BESSs outperform conventional power plants in fast frequency response; a BESS-only PFR mix produces the best technical performance for the metrics analyzed. However, this approach does not have the best marginal cost; a balanced mix of BESSs and conventional reserves achieves adequate performance on all metrics to meet grid requirements. This hybrid approach combines BESSs’ rapid power injection with the lower cost of conventional units, resulting in improved nadir frequencies (e.g., 49.70–49.76 Hz), faster settling times (1.00–2.20 s), and cost efficiency. The study indicates that an optimal approach to frequency control should include a combination of regulatory reforms and coordinated reserve procurement that includes BESS assets. Regulatory reforms should require or incentivize conventional plant to provide PFRs, possibly through creation of a (new to WAPPITS) market for ancillary services. While not a comprehensive analysis of all variables, these findings provide critical insights for policymakers and system operators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Future Power Grids)
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Review

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29 pages, 1678 KB  
Review
Beyond Seasonal Arbitrage—Structured Review on Distributed Long Duration Energy Storage and Its Benefits to the Distribution Grid
by Catherine Adelmann and Dietmar Graeber
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236256 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
The rapid rise in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces significant volatility and uncertainty into electricity grids, underscoring the critical need for increased system flexibility to ensure stability and reliability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies are emerging as essential [...] Read more.
The rapid rise in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces significant volatility and uncertainty into electricity grids, underscoring the critical need for increased system flexibility to ensure stability and reliability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies are emerging as essential solutions for meeting needs by enabling the storage and dispatch of energy over extended periods—from several hours to days or even weeks. The existing literature and system studies focus predominantly on centralized LDES providing seasonal arbitrage under idealized “copper plate” grid assumptions, while the broader distribution grid services and the specific role of distributed LDES and its benefits to the distribution grid remain largely underexplored. This paper presents a structured literature review on studies published between 2015 and 2025 that explicitly address grid-connected LDES at the distribution level. The review synthesizes the portfolio of services provided by distributed LDES—ranging from seasonal arbitrage, curtailment reduction, and hosting capacity enhancement to T&D deferral, resilience, and hydrogen co-products—and compares techno-economic characteristics, modeling approaches, and optimization objectives across studies. On this basis, the review identifies the main research gaps and contribution areas and gives direction for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Future Power Grids)
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