Data-Related Challenges in Machine Learning: Theory and Application

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2026 | Viewed by 1771

Special Issue Editors


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Department of Computer Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
Interests: application of deep learning in the fields of virtual reality (VR) and computer graphics

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Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
Interests: large language models; intrusion detection; wifi sensing; image processing
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Guest Editor
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
Interests: artificial intelligence; multimedia; digital contents

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Machine learning (ML) has transformed various industries, including healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, and autonomous systems. However, despite its success, ML still faces critical data-related challenges that impact its reliability, scalability, and fairness. This Special Issue, “Data-Related Challenges in Machine Learning: Theory and Application”, aims to explore fundamental issues, theoretical advancements, and innovative solutions addressing data quality, bias, privacy, efficiency, and interpretability in ML. 

The special issue will focus on, but not be limited to, the following key challenges: 

- Data Quality and Preprocessing: Handling noisy, missing, and inconsistent data remains a fundamental issue. Research on automated data cleaning, robust feature engineering, and data augmentation techniques is essential for improving ML model performance. 

- Bias and Fairness in ML: Many ML systems inherit biases from their training data, leading to unfair outcomes. Ensuring fairness through bias detection, fairness-aware learning, and ethical AI development is crucial. 

- Data Scarcity and Efficiency: In many real-world applications, collecting large, high-quality datasets is impractical. Methods such as few-shot learning, transfer learning, and self-supervised learning provide potential solutions. 

- Privacy and Security in ML: As ML models handle sensitive information, privacy-preserving techniques like federated learning, differential privacy, and encrypted machine learning are gaining attention. 

- Data Interpretability and Robustness: Understanding how ML models make decisions is essential for trust and adoption. Explainable AI (XAI) and adversarial robustness research contribute to making ML systems more transparent and reliable. 

Prof. Dr. Kwang-Seong Shin
Dr. Sungkwan Youm
Prof. Dr. Seong-Yoon Shin
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • data quality and preprocessing
  • bias and fairness in machine learning
  • few-shot learning and transfer learning
  • privacy-preserving machine learning
  • explainability and robustness in ML

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 1740 KB  
Article
Unpacking Prediction: Contextualized and Interpretable Academic Risk Modeling with XAI for Small Cohorts
by Di Sun, Pengfei Xu, Gang Cheng and Ping Zhang
Electronics 2026, 15(3), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030626 - 2 Feb 2026
Viewed by 108
Abstract
Effective prediction of academic risk is vital in higher education to enable timely intervention and support student retention. While the introduction of Educational Data Mining (EDM) has enhanced prediction effectiveness, existing research often focuses only on single factors or large scale samples, and [...] Read more.
Effective prediction of academic risk is vital in higher education to enable timely intervention and support student retention. While the introduction of Educational Data Mining (EDM) has enhanced prediction effectiveness, existing research often focuses only on single factors or large scale samples, and is notably deficient in providing transparent explanations for prediction results. To address these gaps, this study proposes an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework for predicting and interpreting academic risk within a high-dimensional, small sample context. Based on a dataset from a specific student cohort, we employed an ML model combined with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method as the XAI framework. The findings provide two major contributions to the “Data-Related Challenges in ML” discussion. Firstly, by leveraging the XAI framework, it successfully enhances data interpretability, revealing the out-of-class peer support as the feature with the strongest association with academic risk, which is a complex and often underestimated data dimension, surpassing traditional academic metrics. Specifically, learning support from peers is identified as the most critical feature in mitigating risk at both the group and individual levels. Secondly, methodologically, this framework validates a reliable approach for extracting meaningful, trustworthy, and interpretable knowledge from limited and specific cohort data, offering a solution for applications with highly contextualized and precise interventions, where large, generalizable datasets are impractical. In conclusion, this study enhances the transparency and trustworthiness of ML in EDM, ensuring responsible intervention strategies in academic risk prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Related Challenges in Machine Learning: Theory and Application)
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19 pages, 1730 KB  
Article
Optimizing EV Battery Charging Using Fuzzy Logic in the Presence of Uncertainties and Unknown Parameters
by Minhaz Uddin Ahmed, Md Ohirul Qays, Stefan Lachowicz and Parvez Mahmud
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010177 - 30 Dec 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
The growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) creates challenges in designing charging systems that are smart, dependable, and efficient, especially when environmental conditions change. This research proposes a fuzzy-logic-based PID control strategy integrated into a photovoltaic (PV) powered EV charging system to address [...] Read more.
The growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) creates challenges in designing charging systems that are smart, dependable, and efficient, especially when environmental conditions change. This research proposes a fuzzy-logic-based PID control strategy integrated into a photovoltaic (PV) powered EV charging system to address uncertainties such as fluctuating solar irradiance, grid instability, and dynamic load demands. A MATLAB-R2023a/Simulink-R2023a model was developed to simulate the charging process using real-time adaptive control. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) automatically updates the PID gains by evaluating the error and how quickly the error is changing. This adaptive approach enables efficient voltage regulation and improved system stability. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy–PID controller effectively maintains a steady charging voltage and minimizes power losses by modulating switching frequency. Additionally, the system shows resilience to rapid changes in irradiance and load, improving energy efficiency and extending battery life. This hybrid approach outperforms conventional PID and static control methods, offering enhanced adaptability for renewable-integrated EV infrastructure. The study contributes to sustainable mobility solutions by optimizing the interaction between solar energy and EV charging, paving the way for smarter, grid-friendly, and environmentally responsible charging networks. These findings support the potential for the real-world deployment of intelligent controllers in EV charging systems powered by renewable energy sources This study is purely simulation-based; experimental validation via hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) or prototype development is reserved for future work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Related Challenges in Machine Learning: Theory and Application)
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24 pages, 2843 KB  
Article
Classification of Maize Images Enhanced with Slot Attention Mechanism in Deep Learning Architectures
by Zafer Cömert, Alper Talha Karadeniz, Erdal Basaran and Yuksel Celik
Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2635; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132635 - 30 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 927
Abstract
Maize is a vital global crop, serving as a fundamental component of global food security. To support sustainable maize production, the accurate classification of maize seeds—particularly distinguishing haploid from diploid types—is essential for enhancing breeding efficiency. Conventional methods relying on manual inspection or [...] Read more.
Maize is a vital global crop, serving as a fundamental component of global food security. To support sustainable maize production, the accurate classification of maize seeds—particularly distinguishing haploid from diploid types—is essential for enhancing breeding efficiency. Conventional methods relying on manual inspection or simple machine learning are prone to errors and unsuitable for large-scale data. To overcome these limitations, we propose Slot-Maize, a novel deep learning architecture that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Slot Attention, Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers. The Slot-Maize model was evaluated using two datasets: the Maize Seed Dataset and the Maize Variety Dataset. The Slot Attention module improves feature representation by focusing on object-centric regions within seed images. The GRU captures short-term sequential patterns in extracted features, while the LSTM models long-range dependencies, enhancing temporal understanding. Furthermore, Grad-CAM was utilized as an explainable AI technique to enhance the interpretability of the model’s decisions. The model demonstrated an accuracy of 96.97% on the Maize Seed Dataset and 92.30% on the Maize Variety Dataset, outperforming existing methods in both cases. These results demonstrate the model’s robustness, generalizability, and potential to accelerate automated maize breeding workflows. In conclusion, the Slot-Maize model provides a robust and interpretable solution for automated maize seed classification, representing a significant advancement in agricultural technology. By combining accuracy with explainability, Slot-Maize provides a reliable tool for precision agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Related Challenges in Machine Learning: Theory and Application)
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