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Electronics
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Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks
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Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 4914

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Imtiaz Mahmud

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Data Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Interests: networking; system control; quantum networks and scientific data management in HPC and distributed systems
Dr. Shakil Ahmed

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2103, USA
Interests: wireless communications and networking; machine learning; optimization
Dr. Bashir Mohammed

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Network and Edge Group, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95054-1549, USA
Interests: networking; system control; quantum networks and scientific data management in HPC and distributed systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue of the journal Electronics dedicated to the exploration of "Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks." In an increasingly interconnected world, TCPs play a crucial role in ensuring reliable and efficient data transmission across both wired and wireless networks. This Special Issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and insights into the performance, challenges, and innovations of TCPs in various networking environments.

We invite researchers, scholars, and industry experts to contribute original research papers on topics related to TCPs in both wireless and wired networks, including, but not limited to, the following:

  1. TCP Variants and Enhancements: Investigations into TCP variants and modifications designed to optimize performance in both wireless and wired environments.
  2. Cross-Layer Design: Research exploring cross-layer design approaches that enhance the cooperation between the transport layer and network layer, ensuring efficient data transmission.
  3. Quality of Service (QoS): Studies on QoS support for TCP in diverse networking scenarios, considering latency, reliability, and throughput requirements for different applications.
  4. TCPs and Emerging Network Technologies: How TCPs perform in the context of emerging networking technologies such as 5G, IoT, cloud computing, and more.
  5. Security and TCPs: Research on security challenges and solutions for TCPs in both wired and wireless environments, with a focus on data integrity, privacy, and network resilience.
  6. Experimental and Simulation Studies: Empirical and simulation-based research evaluating TCP performance and behavior in realistic networking environments, encompassing both wired and wireless domains.
  7. AI/ML in TCP Optimization: Papers focused exclusively on the role of AI/ML in optimizing TCP performance, congestion control, and protocol adaptation in wired and wireless networks.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Imtiaz Mahmud
Dr. Shakil Ahmed
Dr. Bashir Mohammed
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • transmission control protocols
  • wireless networks
  • wired networks

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

32 pages, 1148 KiB  
Article
TCP Congestion Control Algorithm Using Queueing Theory-Based Optimality Equation
by Dumisa Wellington Ngwenya, Mduduzi Comfort Hlophe and Bodhaswar T. Maharaj
Electronics 2025, 14(2), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14020263 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1338
Abstract
Internet congestion control focuses on balancing effective network utilization with the avoidance of congestion. When bottleneck bandwidth and network buffer capacities are exceeded, congestion typically manifests as packet loss. Additionally, when packets remain in buffers for too long, a queueing delay occurs. Most [...] Read more.
Internet congestion control focuses on balancing effective network utilization with the avoidance of congestion. When bottleneck bandwidth and network buffer capacities are exceeded, congestion typically manifests as packet loss. Additionally, when packets remain in buffers for too long, a queueing delay occurs. Most existing congestion control algorithms aim to solve this as a constraint satisfaction problem, where constraints are defined by bandwidth or queueing delay limits. However, these approaches often emphasize finding feasible solutions over optimal ones, which often lead to under-utilization of available bandwidth. To address this limitation, this article leverages Little’s Law to derive a closed-form optimality equation for congestion control. This optimality equation serves as the foundation for developing a new algorithm, TCP QtColFair, designed to optimize the sending rate. TCP QtColFair is evaluated against two widely deployed congestion control algorithms: TCP CUBIC, which utilizes a cubic window growth function to enhance performance in high-bandwidth, long-distance networks and TCP BBR (Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time), developed by Google to optimize data transmission by estimating the network’s bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip time. In terms of avoiding queueing delays and minimizing packet loss, TCP QtColFair outperforms TCP CUBIC and matches TCP BBR’s performance when network buffers are large. For effective network utilization, TCP QtColFair outperforms both TCP BBR and TCP CUBIC. TCP QtColFair achieves an effective utilization of approximately 96%, compared to just above 94% for TCP BBR and around 93% for TCP CUBIC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks)
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15 pages, 3209 KiB  
Article
Robust H∞ Static Output Feedback Control for TCP/AQM Routers Based on LMI Optimization
by Changhyun Kim
Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112165 - 2 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 589
Abstract
This paper proposes a new H∞ static output feedback control method to address the congestion control problem in transmission control protocol networks using active queue management routers. Based on linear matrix inequality optimization, this method determines a static output feedback control law [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a new H∞ static output feedback control method to address the congestion control problem in transmission control protocol networks using active queue management routers. Based on linear matrix inequality optimization, this method determines a static output feedback control law to minimize the H∞ norm of the transfer function between the controlled queue length of the buffer and the exogenous disturbance affecting the available link bandwidth. A linear matrix inequality formulation is presented as a sufficient condition to guarantee the closed-loop system’s asymptotic stability while maintaining disturbance rejection within a specified level, regardless of round-trip time delays. The proposed robust static output feedback control eliminates the need to measure or estimate all system states, thus simplifying practical implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is demonstrated by applying it in a practical process, as illustrated through a numerical example. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks)
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20 pages, 1703 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Communication Resource Allocation by the Transmission Control Protocol for the Target Virtual Connection under Competitive Conditions
by Viacheslav Kovtun, Oksana Kovtun, Krzysztof Grochla and Konrad Połys
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071180 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 996
Abstract
The mathematical framework presented in this article focuses on the controlled-transmission protocol’s asynchronous process of bandwidth allocation for the target virtual connection implemented under competition for communication resources. The studied process is formalized as a two-dimensional discrete Markovian chain, taking into account the [...] Read more.
The mathematical framework presented in this article focuses on the controlled-transmission protocol’s asynchronous process of bandwidth allocation for the target virtual connection implemented under competition for communication resources. The studied process is formalized as a two-dimensional discrete Markovian chain, taking into account the distributions of queue lengths of TCP data fragments from competing client nodes. Such a chain describes the dynamics of filling the stack of transmitted but unacknowledged data fragments of the investigated end device. Distributions of the chain states were found for various ratios of the target virtual-connection bandwidth, transmission-protocol parameters, and communication-channel characteristics. Analytical dependencies for computing the performance of the target virtual connection for different operating modes were obtained. The results of experiments conducted based on the obtained analytical constructions showed that the performance of the virtual connection with a selective repeat mode is mainly determined by the data-loss intensity, the queue size distribution in transit nodes, and the ratio between the protocol window size and the route length. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks)
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18 pages, 4756 KiB  
Article
Reliably Controlling Massive Traffic between a Sensor Network End Internet of Things Device Environment and a Hub Using Transmission Control Protocol Mechanisms
by Viacheslav Kovtun, Krzysztof Grochla, Wojciech Kempa and Konrad Połys
Electronics 2023, 12(24), 4920; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12244920 - 6 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1407
Abstract
The constant growth of Internet of Things traffic is ensured by the ongoing evolution of the hierarchy of all hardware links of sensor networks. At the same time, the implementation of the Edge computing ideology regulates the complexity of the “first-mile” section (from [...] Read more.
The constant growth of Internet of Things traffic is ensured by the ongoing evolution of the hierarchy of all hardware links of sensor networks. At the same time, the implementation of the Edge computing ideology regulates the complexity of the “first-mile” section (from the sensors array to the peripheral server). Here, the authors suggest paying attention to the growing share of massive traffic from target sensors in the total traffic of the sensors array. This circumstance makes it expedient to introduce an additional link to the peripheral server for summarizing massive traffic from target sensors. The authors present a sensor network end IoT device (SNEIoTD), implemented grounded on a reliable and cheap Raspberry Pi computing platform, as such a link. The introduction of this SNEIoTD makes it possible to reduce the probability of information loss from the critical infrastructure of a smart city and increase the flexibility of controlling the massive traffic of the first mile. In this context, the urgent task is the reliable control of information transfer from the SNEIoTD environment to a hub, which the authors formalize based on Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This article proposes a mathematical model of the interaction of the main mechanisms of the TCP in the form of a queuing system. As part of this model, a semi-Markov process of an information transfer with a unified speed is selected and its stationary distribution is analytically formalized. A computationally efficient information technology for determining the TCP Window Size is formulated, taking into account the interaction of TCP mechanisms in the process of massive traffic control. Using the example of TCP Westwood+ protocol modification, it is shown that the results of the application of information technology permit increases in the stability of data transfer under the circumstances of increasing Round-Trip Times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission Control Protocols (TCPs) in Wireless and Wired Networks)
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