Design and Implementation of Embedded Systems for Real-Time Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Computer Science & Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2026 | Viewed by 1495

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Computer, Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, International Hellenic University, 62124 Serres, Greece
Interests: embedded systems; high performance systems design; wearables; image processing; aerospace applications

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer, Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, International Hellenic University, 62124 Serres, Greece
Interests: embedded systems; hardware design, machine vision; semiconductors
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues:

Today, embedded systems play vital roles in a large number of commercial, industrial and scientific applications. The use of microprocessors, microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors, FPGAs, and GPUs adds intelligence to electronic systems, offering attractive solutions where size and energy consumption are critical design aspects. However, the development of embedded systems is quite challenging, since success often forces the implementation of low-level operations and custom hardware development to apply computationally demanding algorithms to integrated circuits with limited processing power. Development can be even more complex when strict specifications for real-time operation have been defined, necessitating squeezing every bit of the system to accomplish its mission imperative. Embedded systems have been adopted in several domains such as control, robotics, image processing, telecommunications, wearables, bioengineering, automotive, healthcare, aerospace, navigation, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Recently, an emerging trend has been to fit even Artificial Intelligence into small embedded systems for edge computing applications. As is evident, there is space for advancements in many fields, rendering the design and implementation of efficient embedded systems a continuously hot research area.

We invite you to submit novel contributions that address critical aspects and optimize the utilization of real-time embedded systems. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following.

  • AI methods implemented on embedded systems;
  • Advanced control methods such as adaptive, fuzzy, predictive, robust, etc.;
  • Acceleration of image processing algorithms using custom hardware;
  • Wearables for sports and fitness, healthcare and medical, entertainment, personal security, etc.;
  • Embedded systems in robotics applications such as autonomous navigation, vision systems, manipulation, sensing, human-robot interaction, etc.

We look forward to receiving your contributions. 

Dr. John Vourvoulakis
Prof. Dr. John Kalomiros
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • embedded systems
  • real time
  • edge computing
  • artificial intelligence
  • image processing
  • wearables
  • robotics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 1661 KB  
Article
Fault Injection Tool for FPGA Reliability Testing: A Novel Method and Discovery of LUT-Specific Logical Redundancies
by Mariusz Węgrzyn, Orest Kochan and Ihor Maikiv
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4600; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234600 - 24 Nov 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
FPGAs are well suited for prototyping complex digital systems for industrial and research purposes, as well as for the practical application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in industrial autonomous control, automotives and space. FPGAs serve as platforms for inferring based on AI algorithms. [...] Read more.
FPGAs are well suited for prototyping complex digital systems for industrial and research purposes, as well as for the practical application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in industrial autonomous control, automotives and space. FPGAs serve as platforms for inferring based on AI algorithms. In recent years, an increase in FPGA system applications with respect to advanced computing functions for physical and chemical research in space has been observed. Research on the reliability of applications operating in the above-mentioned areas exposed to radiation is of particular importance. Testing applications implemented on FPGAs requires the development of new methods that differ significantly from those intended for Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). The FPGA logic is realized by SRAM-Based Look-Up Tables (LUTs). SRAM is relatively susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) generated by cosmic radiation. The existing fault injection (FI) tools do not model the faults generated by SEUs in SRAM-based FPGAs precisely enough. New FI tools are crucial for evaluating newly developed FPGA-specific tests. Thus, we developed a new tool that uses an accurate SEU model in LUTs. This new tool is written in Perl, and its tasks are to inject faults into the structural VHDL description and to control the CADENCE simulator. The novelty of this solution is that the tool models SEUs by modifying the logical functions generated by the LUTs. Furthermore, in this way, stuck-at faults at the LUT inputs and outputs can also be modeled. This method involves modifying the “INIT” parameters in the structural VHDL. Our tool was evaluated using several test programs, and a high fault coverage (FC) of 94.76% was achieved. This tool can be used to examine any LUT-based FPGA technology regardless of its implementation age. Moreover, during our research, a new mechanism of generating so-called logical redundancies caused by the injection of single faults in LUTs was discovered. This is a side effect of FI in LUTs, which makes it impossible to achieve 100% fault coverage of applications implemented on FPGAs. The mechanism of this phenomenon does not occur when injecting traditional stuck-at faults. Full article
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21 pages, 3728 KB  
Article
A Multi-Core Benchmark Framework for Linux-Based Embedded Systems Using Synthetic Task-Set Generation
by Yixiao Xing, Yixiao Li and Hiroaki Takada
Electronics 2025, 14(22), 4515; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14224515 - 19 Nov 2025
Viewed by 425
Abstract
Accurately evaluating multi-core embedded systems remains a major challenge, as existing benchmarking methods and tools fail to reproduce realistic workloads with inter-core contentions. This study introduces a benchmark framework for Linux-based embedded systems that integrates a synthetic task-set generation model capable of reproducing [...] Read more.
Accurately evaluating multi-core embedded systems remains a major challenge, as existing benchmarking methods and tools fail to reproduce realistic workloads with inter-core contentions. This study introduces a benchmark framework for Linux-based embedded systems that integrates a synthetic task-set generation model capable of reproducing both computational and contention characteristics observed in real-world applications. Applying this benchmark to three Linux kernel variants on a 16-core embedded platform, we have identified distinct scalability patterns and contention sensitivities among kernel configurations. The results mainly demonstrate the framework’s capability to reveal performance characteristics under Linux, but the proposed methodology itself has high portability and extendability by design to support various multi-core platforms including the RTOS-based ones. Full article
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