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Diagnostics
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Contemporary Achievements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecological and Obstetric...
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Contemporary Achievements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecological and Obstetric Conditions

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 1127

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Radmila Sparić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Višegradska 26, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: myoma; cesarean myomectomy; HRQoL; reproductive endocrinology; PCOS; cervical cancer screening; infertility; menopause
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The female reproductive organs are involved in many pathological conditions in both obstetrics and gynecology. Using a combination of patient history, physical examination, invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests, and medical or surgical interventions, clinical diagnosis of gynecological and obstetrical diseases entails identifying various conditions of the female reproductive system and pregnancy complications.

Pelvic pain, infertility, irregular menstruation, fibroids, and endocrine diseases, as well as pregnancy or delivery problems, require prompt diagnosis and treatment by gynecologists and obstetricians, alongside basic care. In this Special Issue, the most common diagnostic and imaging tools, or those currently under development, will be covered and discussed in a broad and detailed manner, with a particular focus on tests that use artificial intelligence.

Moreover, the medical and minimally invasive treatment of reproductive organ pathology is currently of paramount importance. Despite the broad armamentarium available, surgery remains a method of choice in numerous cases.

Artificial intelligence is becoming more frequently employed in the diagnosis of numerous gynecological and obstetric conditions, providing data for improved clinical judgement and thus providing better maternal and fetal outcomes.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide up-to-date insights into contemporary achievements in diagnosis and the treatment of gynecological and obstetric conditions. Data on new and promising approaches to women’s healthcare are also welcome. Manuscripts investigating outcomes associated with new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are encouraged, as are studies addressing less common conditions or outcomes.

Dr. Radmila Sparić
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • fibroid
  • endometriosis
  • pelvic pain
  • reproductive endocrinology
  • pregnancy complications
  • delivery
  • infertility
  • obstetrics
  • diagnosis
  • treatment

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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12 pages, 379 KB  
Article
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Biomarker Profiles: A BMI-Stratified Analysis of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4—A Cross-Sectional Study
by Yeşim Şalcioğlu, Medeni Arpa, Kübra Sönmez and Şenol Şentürk
Diagnostics 2026, 16(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16030417 - 1 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: We sought to examine serum concentrations of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to healthy pregnant controls while also exploring potential associations with body mass index (BMI) and gestational age. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: We sought to examine serum concentrations of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to healthy pregnant controls while also exploring potential associations with body mass index (BMI) and gestational age. Methods: Our cohort comprised 72 pregnant women—35 with GDM and 37 healthy controls. We measured serum levels of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 and stratified participants according to BMI categories. Statistical comparisons employed appropriate tests for group differences, and we used Spearman’s correlation to evaluate relationships among BMI, gestational age, fetal birth weight, HOMA-IR, Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), QUICKI and biomarker levels. Results: BMI, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, and TyG were significantly higher, and QUICKI was lower in the GDM group compared with controls. Although Gremlin 1 levels were lower and BMP 4 levels and fetal birth weight were higher in the GDM group, these differences were not statistically significant. In BMI stratified analysis, both biomarkers were higher in the normal weight group, without significant differences. BMI correlated negatively with Gremlin 1 and BMP 4, and gestational age correlated negatively with both biomarkers. A strong positive correlation was observed between Gremlin 1 and BMP 4. Conclusions: The biomarker patterns observed in GDM appear distinct from those reported in diabetes mellitus, possibly reflecting pregnancy-related physiological weight gain and shifts in body composition. The strong positive relationship between Gremlin 1 and BMP 4 lends support to the notion of coordinated regulatory pathways, potentially indicating cellular resistance to BMP 4’s pro-adipogenic actions. Larger longitudinal investigations incorporating detailed body composition assessments will be essential to elucidate their roles in gestational metabolic adaptations and their potential utility for GDM risk stratification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Achievements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecological and Obstetric Conditions)
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12 pages, 396 KB  
Article
The Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Development of Preeclampsia and Perinatal Outcomes
by Nalan Kuruca, Senol Senturk, Ilknur Merve Ayazoglu, Medeni Arpa, Mehmet Kagıtcı, Sibel Dogan Polat and Bülent Yılmaz
Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020305 - 17 Jan 2026
Viewed by 276
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for placental development and vascular function, but evidence on their role in preeclampsia is inconsistent. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for placental development and vascular function, but evidence on their role in preeclampsia is inconsistent. This study aimed to compare serum DHA levels between women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women and to examine their association with disease severity and maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: A total of 145 pregnant women aged 18–40 years were enrolled, including 47 with newly diagnosed preeclampsia (PE) and 98 normotensive controls. PE was defined according to the ACOG 2019 criteria. Serum DHA levels were measured using ELISA in fasting blood samples collected at the first visit. Results: Maternal serum DHA levels did not differ significantly between preeclampsia and control groups (p = 0.571); they were similar across control, mild PE, and severe PE groups. DHA showed a negative correlation with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (r = −0.305) and maternal hospitalization duration (r = −0.334). Independent predictors of PE included nulliparity (OR: 4.43), advanced age (OR: 1.14), elevated BMI (OR: 1.29), and low albumin (OR: 0.77). After adjusting for age and BMI, DHA was an independent negative predictor of IUGR (OR: 0.65). Conclusions: DHA levels: Placental and/or fetal DHA metabolism may be impaired in patients with preeclampsia. Although DHA was not associated with the development of PE, it was a negative predictor of IUGR. DHA reduces the length of maternal hospital stay through its anti-inflammatory effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Achievements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecological and Obstetric Conditions)
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Other

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29 pages, 758 KB  
Systematic Review
Menstrual Effluent in the Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Endometriosis—A Systematic Review
by Rafał Watrowski, Stoyan Kostov, Eva Tsoneva, Sebastian D. Schäfer, Radmila Sparić, Mario Palumbo, Veronika Günther, Slavica Akšam, Angel Yordanov, Pierluigi Chieppa, Ingolf Juhasz-Böss, Salvatore Giovanni Vitale and Ibrahim Alkatout
Diagnostics 2026, 16(5), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16050677 - 26 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Background: The individual and social burden of endometriosis is high, and the diagnosis is usually delayed by 7–10 years. Menstrual effluent (ME) represents an accessible and uniquely informative biofluid. This systematic review evaluated the pathophysiological relevance and diagnostic potential of ME in endometriosis. [...] Read more.
Background: The individual and social burden of endometriosis is high, and the diagnosis is usually delayed by 7–10 years. Menstrual effluent (ME) represents an accessible and uniquely informative biofluid. This systematic review evaluated the pathophysiological relevance and diagnostic potential of ME in endometriosis. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost (Academic Search Premier, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, and MEDLINE), Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar from inception to 30 November 2025. Original studies analyzing human ME or ME-derived cells in women with endometriosis versus controls were eligible. We extracted study design, analytic methods, diagnostic accuracy metrics (AUC, sensitivity, and specificity), mechanistic pathways, and risk of bias (QUADAS-2 for diagnostic, and NIH tools for mechanistic studies). Results: Thirty-five studies were included. ME consistently captured key pathophysiological mechanisms of endometriosis, including impaired decidualization and progesterone resistance, immune dysregulation with diminished cytotoxic clearance, pro-angiogenic and invasive phenotypes, heightened stem/progenitor cell survival, cellular senescence and DNA damage, and altered extracellular-vesicle signaling. Diagnostic accuracy was reported in nine studies. Aromatase mRNA showed the highest performance (AUC 0.977), followed by TGF-β1 (AUC 0.973) and IGFBP1 (AUC 0.92). A lipidomic two-marker model achieved an AUC of 0.87. All diagnostic assessments were based on case–control studies; none conducted prospective validation. Conclusions: ME is a biologically relevant, non-invasive, and patient-acceptable biospecimen reflecting core endometriosis mechanisms and yielding promising diagnostic accuracy. The highest diagnostic performance was achieved for assays reflecting steroidogenic and growth-factor pathways (e.g., aromatase and TGF-β1). Standardization and prospective validation are needed before clinical adoption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Achievements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Gynecological and Obstetric Conditions)
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