Optimizing Evidence-Based Interventions for Enhancing Development in Early Childhood

A Special Issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067) belonging to the section "Pediatric Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2026 | Viewed by 5043

Editor


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Guest Editor
Learning, Leadership & Community, College of Education, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
Interests: early childhood; early literacy; school psychology and school psychology training issues; school-based mental health; educator wellness

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Knowledge of child development is critical for professionals working with young children, as rapid developmental changes occur during these early years. In addition, there is a wide variability in what is considered ‘typical development’, making the determination of which skills and behaviors are actually challenged or delayed and require additional attention, support, and/or intervention difficult. Furthermore, findings from research with young children in households considered to be of low socioeconomic status (SES), and/or with an identified disability, and/or from a culturally and/or linguistically diverse (CLD) background have shown that these children have an increased likelihood of demonstrating future academic difficulties and experiencing one or more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES), have more limited access to important services and resources, and experience more significant disciplinary practices. As research has found that at least some behavioral, developmental, and mental health difficulties first appear during early childhood, and early difficulties and delays are relatively stable and persistent into both the short- and long-term, identifying children either at-risk for or who currently demonstrate developmental difficulties or delay(s) is important.

A growing body of literature demonstrates the efficacy of early intervention in addressing developmental challenges and promoting healthy development across domains. Such efficacy findings are often reflected in both federal legislation and state laws and practices. This Special Issue emphasizes evidence-based interventions during early childhood, specifically between birth and 8 years old. Papers examining, but not limited to, the following issues are invited: (a) identifying and implementing evidence-based interventions for specific behavioral challenges or to promote a specific behavior(s) or skill(s); (b) involving parents within the intervention process; (c) identifying and working with children and family populations shown to be at higher risk for developmental and educational challenges, such as socioeconomic status (SES), disability status, or with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds; (d) innovative assessment and intervention practices to address new and elevated needs following the COVID-19 pandemic; (e) providing professional development or training early childhood educators in the areas of assessment and intervention of children experiencing difficulties; and (f) implementation considerations for evidence-based interventions involving young children

Dr. Stephanie L. Schmitz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • early childhood
  • evidence-based interventions
  • early childhood development
  • early intervention
  • early childhood educators
  • early childhood and families
  • diverse populations
  • early childhood and innovative practices

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 934 KB  
Article
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Questionnaire on Parental Informed Consent in Neonatal Research
by Maria Lampridou, Abraham Pouliakis, Vasiliki Mougiou, Eleni Katsianou, Aikaterini Konstantinidi, Martha Theodoraki, Zoi Iliodromiti, Theodora Boutsikou, Nicoletta Iacovidou and Rozeta Sokou
Children 2026, 13(9), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13091227 - 10 Sep 2026
Viewed by 173
Abstract
Background: Advances in neonatology and paediatric pharmacology have markedly improved neonatal survival, particularly among preterm and critically ill infants. At the same time, clinical research constitutes the cornerstone for generation of evidence on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, neonatal participation [...] Read more.
Background: Advances in neonatology and paediatric pharmacology have markedly improved neonatal survival, particularly among preterm and critically ill infants. At the same time, clinical research constitutes the cornerstone for generation of evidence on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic interventions. However, neonatal participation in research relies on parental informed consent, a complex and multifactorial process shaped by cognitive, emotional, and cultural factors. In Greece, evidence regarding the determinants of parental consent for neonatal clinical research remains scarce. The aim of this study was to develop and conduct a preliminary evaluation of a questionnaire designed to assess parents’ perceptions and attitudes toward informed consent for participation of their offspring in neonatal clinical studies. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed based on the international literature and the principles of informed consent. The instrument comprised five domains assessing knowledge and understanding of research, the informed consent process, trust in healthcare professionals, parental emotions, and sociodemographic characteristics. Content validity was assessed by an expert panel, followed by pilot testing in 20 parents. Preliminary evaluation of temporal stability was performed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient and weighted kappa. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: The questionnaire showed variable test–retest agreement across items and domains in the pilot sample. Domains covering cognitive aspects of research participation exhibited greater stability over time compared with emotional dimensions, which showed higher variability between measurements. Questions related to study type and trust in healthcare professionals demonstrated higher levels of reliability. Conclusions: This study describes the development and preliminary evaluation of a questionnaire designed to explore factors potentially influencing parental consent for participation in neonatal research in Greece. The findings provide preliminary evidence regarding the temporal stability of individual questionnaire items while also identifying items that may require further evaluation or refinement. Further evaluation in larger and more diverse populations, including a more comprehensive assessment of its measurement properties, is warranted before broader research application. Full article
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12 pages, 821 KB  
Article
Universal Autism Screening in Early Learning Programs: A Feasibility Study
by Thyde Dumont-Mathieu, Marianne Barton, Rosalie Chuckta, Natalia Suarez Martinez and Deborah Fein
Children 2026, 13(6), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13060775 - 2 Jun 2026
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends autism-specific screening at the 18- and 24-month well-child-care visits. Early identification facilitates early intervention (EI), which improves developmental outcomes. Historically, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino children in the United States receive autism diagnoses and autism-specific services [...] Read more.
Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends autism-specific screening at the 18- and 24-month well-child-care visits. Early identification facilitates early intervention (EI), which improves developmental outcomes. Historically, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino children in the United States receive autism diagnoses and autism-specific services later than Non-Hispanic White children. Variability in pediatric screening rates may indicate that systemic factors impede screening and referral; enhanced screening across community settings may support autism identification and connection to services. Methods: A feasibility study was conducted with one early learning program (ELP) to determine if screening for autism in ELPs is feasible. ELP teachers and staff received one 90 min training session on screening with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers—Revised (M-CHAT-R). They were then tasked with independently screening ELP-enrolled children between 16 and 30 months old. Results: Eighty children were eligible for screening and 79 screenings were completed; 14 screens were positive and 65 were negative. Of the 14 positive screens, eight referrals were made to EI. All eight families completed EI evaluations and were eligible for EI services. One family declined an evaluation. Five positive autism screens were for children already receiving general EI services. Those five screening results were communicated to the child’s EI team and an autism-specific evaluation was completed; four of the five children subsequently received autism diagnoses. Conclusions: Our data supports the feasibility of completing autism-specific screenings within an ELP setting. Full article
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19 pages, 752 KB  
Article
Closing Developmental Gaps: Effectiveness of Community-Based Early Intervention for Young Children with Developmental Delays
by Melissa Gonzalez, Morgan D. Darabi, Paris Rayneri, Elana Mansoor, Rachel Spector and Ruby Natale
Children 2026, 13(4), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13040459 - 27 Mar 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for young children with developmental delays, yet many with mild delays are ineligible for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Early Discovery (ED) Program addressed this gap by providing short-term, targeted [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for young children with developmental delays, yet many with mild delays are ineligible for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Early Discovery (ED) Program addressed this gap by providing short-term, targeted intervention for children ages 0–5 who did not qualify for publicly funded services. This study evaluated program outcomes across intervention types. Methods: During 2024–2025, 342 families completed the ED Program, receiving one of the following: speech-language (68%), general developmental (12%), occupational (14%), or behavioral (6%) intervention across 8–20 sessions. Eligibility required Miami-Dade residency and ineligibility for IDEA-funded services. Standardized pre- and post-intervention assessments were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and group comparisons. Results: Most households reported incomes <$70,000 (71%), with many experiencing additional risk factors including prematurity (15%), public or no insurance (47%), limited English proficiency (21%), and single-caregiver households (30%). Overall, 85% of children met criteria for improvement. Improvement rates varied by child ethnicity. No statistically significant differences were observed by child age, race, gender, prematurity, insurance status, caregiver demographics, household characteristics, or intervention type. Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed the primary findings, with ethnicity no longer significant and younger age emerging as a significant predictor of improvement. Conclusions: Findings suggest short-term, targeted intervention may support developmental progress among young children with mild delays who would otherwise remain unserved. Community-based programs such as ED may play a critical role in advancing developmental equity by reaching children with developmental and socioeconomic risk factors prior to school entry. Full article
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21 pages, 326 KB  
Article
Practices and Challenges in Portuguese Early Childhood Intervention: A Descriptive Study
by Cristina Costeira, Inês Lopes, Saudade Lopes, Vanda Varela Pedrosa, Susana Custódio, Elisabete Cioga and Cândida G. Silva
Children 2026, 13(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020304 - 22 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1652
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) services are critical for supporting children with developmental needs and their families. Despite an established legislative framework, challenges related to accessibility, equity, resources, and standardization of practices persist. This study aimed to describe the perspectives of early intervention [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) services are critical for supporting children with developmental needs and their families. Despite an established legislative framework, challenges related to accessibility, equity, resources, and standardization of practices persist. This study aimed to describe the perspectives of early intervention professionals in Portugal regarding current barriers, facilitators, and priority areas for improvement within the system. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted involving 82 professionals working in early intervention in Portugal. Data were collected using a survey specifically developed by the research team, grounded in a comprehensive literature review and professional expertise. The instrument was validated through a Delphi Panel with two rounds involving six experts in ECI. Data from open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis, identifying categories and sub-categories to describe the responses, and descriptive statistics for the closed-ended questions. Results: Professionals highlighted the need to update the National ECI System (SNIPI), improve accessibility, and ensure equitable access to early intervention services. Participants reported limited resources, a lack of standardization in practices, and emphasized the importance of professional training and continuous professional development. The findings also pointed to the urgent need for investment and functional and structural restructuring of early intervention services. Various barriers and facilitators were identified. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insights into the perspectives of early intervention professionals, identifying critical areas for policy improvement, resource allocation, and practice standardization. Full article
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