3D-Printed Technology in Buildings

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2026 | Viewed by 812

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
MATEIS, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, UMR 5510, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
Interests: masonry; rammed earth; concrete; discrete element method; thin-walled structures

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Guest Editor
Holcim Innovation Center, 38090 Saint Quentin Fallavier, France
Interests: digital fabrication—3D printing; carbon efficient construction; fiber reinforced concrete solutions; numerical modelling and design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

3D printing is gaining increasing importance and has become an emerging digital construction technology. Traditionally conservative, the building sector is demonstrating innovation with this technology which is experiencing rapid expansion, encompassing a wide range of non-structural elements to structural load-bearing elements, and many growing projects around the world demonstrate the great potential of the technology in terms of lowering construction costs, reduction in construction waste, possibility of customized design, lightweight elements, and reduction of carbon emissions. There are still challenges to overcome to facilitate the wider expansion of the technology, such as: non-familiarity with this technology (adapted printable material, printing process, environmental conditions, how to incorporate reinforcement, building integration), the potential risks (shrinkage cracking, quality consistency) and the fact that there is a lack of regulatory framework for convenient approval and therefore design recommendations are welcome. As people recognize the reliability of real case studies, the potential of this technology to shape a more sustainable future is considerable. The Topic Editors encourage the scientific community to share their learnings that will help the building sector promote 3D printing technology. Topics include, but are not limited to, printable material development; mechanical properties; building applications; reinforcement strategy; design recommendations; sustainability; Finite Element Modeling.

Dr. Tan Trung Bui
Dr. Wendpanga Serge Auguste NANA
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • buildings
  • reinforcement
  • printable material
  • structural design
  • carbon footprint
  • sustainable construction
  • Finite Element Modeling

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1866 KB  
Article
Using Vacuum Mixing for 3D Printing of Mortars Made with Recycled Sand
by Eliane Khoury, Khadija El Cheikh, Geert De Schutter, Bogdan Cazacliu and Sébastien Rémond
Buildings 2025, 15(23), 4217; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15234217 - 21 Nov 2025
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Abstract
This study investigates the use of recycled concrete aggregates as a replacement for natural sand in printable mortars, comparing the properties of both fresh and hardened states. Two types of mortars were considered, natural mortar and recycled mortar, with further variations based on [...] Read more.
This study investigates the use of recycled concrete aggregates as a replacement for natural sand in printable mortars, comparing the properties of both fresh and hardened states. Two types of mortars were considered, natural mortar and recycled mortar, with further variations based on mixing methods under ordinary atmospheric pressure and vacuum pressure. The experimental approach included air content, mini-slump, printability, and various hardened state tests such as compressive strength and porosity measurements using both water absorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed that mortars made with recycled sand exhibited higher fluidity, as evidenced by an increase in slump of approximately 50 to 70 mm across 30 min, compared to those made with natural sand. This difference was attributed to the pre-saturation of recycled sand, which, as a hypothesis, may increase with the amount of free water available while mixing under vacuum. Additionally, mortars containing recycled sand exhibited higher water-accessible porosity (approximately +7% compared to natural mortars) and lower compressive strength, with a reduction of about 5 to 10% for printed and cast samples, with the decrease being more pronounced in printed specimens. However, vacuum mixing was found to significantly reduce entrapped air content, by about 53% in natural mortars and 62% in recycled ones, and to enhance the workability of both types. The pore size distribution indicated that recycled mortars had a more complex pore network, with pores in the ranges of [0.01–0.1] mm and [0.1–1] mm, contributing to increased porosity and reduced mechanical strength. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using recycled sand in mortar formulations, with proper control of pre-saturation and mixing conditions to optimize performance in both fresh and hardened states. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D-Printed Technology in Buildings)
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22 pages, 2411 KB  
Article
Investigation of Waste Steel Fiber Usage Rate and Length Change on Some Fresh State Properties of 3D Printable Concrete Mixtures
by Fatih Eren Akgümüş, Hatice Gizem Şahin and Ali Mardani
Buildings 2025, 15(20), 3731; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203731 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
In this study, the effects of waste steel fiber and high volume blast furnace slag (BFS) substitution on rheological properties, thixotropic behavior and carbon emission were investigated in order to increase the sustainability of three-dimensional (3D) printable concrete (3DPC). Cement was replaced with [...] Read more.
In this study, the effects of waste steel fiber and high volume blast furnace slag (BFS) substitution on rheological properties, thixotropic behavior and carbon emission were investigated in order to increase the sustainability of three-dimensional (3D) printable concrete (3DPC). Cement was replaced with BFS at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% by volume, while waste steel fibers were added to the mixtures at three different lengths (5, 10, 15 mm) and volumetric ratios (0.5% and 1.0%). A total of 39 mixtures were optimized with respect to extrudability, buildability and shape stability criteria, and their rheological and thixotropic properties were characterized by a modified rheometer procedure. Results showed that 50% BFS substitution reduced dynamic yield stress and viscosity by 69% and 52%, respectively, and eliminated the need for a water-reducing admixture. 75% BFS substitution improved structural build-up (Athix) but required 6% silica fume. The fiber effect interacted with length and BFS content, with short fibers increasing rheological resistance, while the effect of long fibers decreased in mixtures with high BFS. The carbon emission assessment revealed that 75% BFS substitution provided an outstanding CO2 reduction of up to 71% compared to the control mix. These findings prove that high-volume BFS and waste fibers are an effective strategy to optimize rheological performance and environmental impact for sustainable 3D concrete printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D-Printed Technology in Buildings)
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