Advances in Neurofeedback Research

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 January 2026 | Viewed by 1340

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Guest Editor
School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
Interests: memory; cognitive aging; dementia; neurofeedback; computational modeling
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Neurofeedback, also known as brain biofeedback, has a long history dating back to the beginnings of cognitive psychology. As a field, it has seen considerable evolution in the applied clinical domain, where it is referred to as neurotherapy, and in the domain of technological communication systems, where brain–computer interfaces involve neurofeedback and machine learning. Whereas most of the literature on neurofeedback focuses on electroencephalography (EEG) as the source of brain signals, other modalities, such as blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, have been used successfully. There are differences in methods and research questions between EEG- and BOLD-based neurofeedback. In addition, theoretical advances are influencing research methods and the neurofeedback applications.   

The aim of this Special Issue is to solicit original research articles as well as review articles that showcase the breadth of depth of cutting-edge research into neurofeedback

Prof. Dr. Eddy J. Davelaar
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • neurofeedback
  • brain–computer interface
  • neurophenomenology
  • EEG
  • rt-fMRI
  • fNIRS-neurofeedback

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

19 pages, 2665 KB  
Article
Entropy and Complexity in QEEG Reveal Visual Processing Signatures in Autism: A Neurofeedback-Oriented and Clinical Differentiation Study
by Aleksandar Tenev, Silvana Markovska-Simoska, Andreas Müller and Igor Mishkovski
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(9), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15090951 - 1 Sep 2025
Viewed by 897
Abstract
(1) Background: Quantitative EEG (QEEG) offers potential for identifying objective neurophysiological biomarkers in psychiatric disorders and guiding neurofeedback interventions. This study examined whether three nonlinear QEEG metrics—Lempel–Ziv Complexity, Tsallis Entropy, and Renyi Entropy—can distinguish children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from typically developing [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Quantitative EEG (QEEG) offers potential for identifying objective neurophysiological biomarkers in psychiatric disorders and guiding neurofeedback interventions. This study examined whether three nonlinear QEEG metrics—Lempel–Ziv Complexity, Tsallis Entropy, and Renyi Entropy—can distinguish children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from typically developing (TD) peers, and assessed their relevance for neurofeedback targeting. (2) Methods: EEG recordings from 19 scalp channels were analyzed in children with ASD and TD. The three nonlinear metrics were computed for each channel. Group differences were evaluated statistically, while machine learning classifiers assessed discriminative performance. Dimensionality reduction with t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) was applied to visualize clustering. (3) Results: All metrics showed significant group differences across multiple channels. Machine learning classifiers achieved >90% accuracy, demonstrating robust discriminative power. t-SNE revealed distinct ASD and TD clustering, with nonlinear separability in specific channels. Visual processing–related channels were prominent contributors to both classifier predictions and t-SNE cluster boundaries. (4) Conclusions: Nonlinear QEEG metrics, particularly from visual processing regions, differentiate ASD from TD with high accuracy and may serve as objective biomarkers for neurofeedback. Combining complexity and entropy measures with machine learning and visualization techniques offers a relevant framework for ASD diagnosis and personalized intervention planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Neurofeedback Research)
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