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Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr....
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Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 9514

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Matthew McKenzie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
Interests: mitochondrial function; mitochondrial disease; stem cells; metabolism

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I would like to invite you to contribute a manuscript to this Special Issue in honor of Prof. Carl A. Pinkert. Prof. Pinkert’s research has employed molecular biotechnology and animal transgenics to model human disease, and his work has made a significant contribution to our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Prof. Pinkert has generated various animal models of mitochondrial dysfunction that have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in these diseases.

Manuscripts for this Special Issue can be reviews, opinions or original research papers, and should align with Prof. Pinkert’s research interests over his career. This includes mitochondrial disease, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetics and mitochondrial medicine. Diseases of interest can encompass both ‘classical’ mitochondrial disorders as well as human diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as an important contributor to disease pathogenesis (for example, neurodegenerative disorders).

Our field is now utilizing its knowledge of mitochondrial biology to develop novel treatments that target specific deficiencies in mitochondrial function. This Special Issue will focus on the seminal work being undertaken in this area.

Dr. Matthew McKenzie
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mitochondrial biology
  • mitochondrial disease
  • mitochondrial DNA
  • mitochondrial medicine
  • metabolism
  • therapeutics
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • reactive oxygen species

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 15102 KiB  
Article
The Curse of the Red Pearl: A Fibroblast-Specific Pearl-Necklace Mitochondrial Phenotype Caused by Phototoxicity
by Irene M. G. M. Hemel, Kèvin Knoops, Carmen López-Iglesias and Mike Gerards
Biomolecules 2025, 15(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15020304 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 518
Abstract
The dynamic nature of mitochondria makes live cell imaging an important tool in mitochondrial research. Although imaging using fluorescent probes is the golden standard in studying mitochondrial morphology, these probes might introduce aspecific features. In this study, live cell fluorescent imaging was applied [...] Read more.
The dynamic nature of mitochondria makes live cell imaging an important tool in mitochondrial research. Although imaging using fluorescent probes is the golden standard in studying mitochondrial morphology, these probes might introduce aspecific features. In this study, live cell fluorescent imaging was applied to investigate a pearl-necklace-shaped mitochondrial phenotype that arises when mitochondrial fission is restricted. In this fibroblast-specific pearl-necklace phenotype, constricted and expanded mitochondrial regions alternate. Imaging studies revealed that the formation time of this pearl-necklace phenotype differs between laser scanning confocal, widefield and spinning disk confocal microscopy. We found that the phenotype formation correlates with the excitation of the fluorescent probe and is the result of phototoxicity. Interestingly, the phenotype only arises in cells stained with red mitochondrial dyes. Serial section electron tomography of the pearl-necklace mitochondria revealed that the mitochondrial membranes remained intact, while the cristae structure was altered. Furthermore, filaments and ER were present at the constricted sites. This study illustrates the importance of considering experimental conditions for live cell imaging to prevent imaging artifacts that can have a major impact on the obtained results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert)
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21 pages, 4114 KiB  
Article
Mitochondrial DNA and Inflammation Are Associated with Cerebral Vessel Remodeling and Early Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Ligia Petrica, Florica Gadalean, Danina Mirela Muntean, Dragos Catalin Jianu, Daliborca Vlad, Victor Dumitrascu, Flaviu Bob, Oana Milas, Anca Suteanu-Simulescu, Mihaela Glavan, Sorin Ursoniu, Lavinia Balint, Maria Mogos-Stefan, Silvia Ienciu, Octavian Marius Cretu, Roxana Popescu, Cristina Gluhovschi, Lavinia Iancu and Adrian Vlad
Biomolecules 2024, 14(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14040499 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2347
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease accounts for major neurologic disabilities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A potential association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and inflammation with cerebral vessel remodeling in patients with type 2 DM was evaluated. A cohort of 150 patients [...] Read more.
Cerebrovascular disease accounts for major neurologic disabilities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A potential association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and inflammation with cerebral vessel remodeling in patients with type 2 DM was evaluated. A cohort of 150 patients and 30 healthy controls were assessed concerning urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), synaptopodin, podocalyxin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), N-acetyl-β-(D)-glucosaminidase (NAG), interleukins IL-17A, IL-18, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). MtDNA-CN and nuclear DNA (nDNA) were quantified in peripheral blood and urine by qRT-PCR. Cytochrome b (CYTB) gene, subunit 2 of NADH dehydrogenase (ND2), and beta 2 microglobulin nuclear gene (B2M) were assessed by TaqMan assays. mtDNA-CN was defined as the ratio of the number of mtDNA/nDNA copies, through analysis of the CYTB/B2M and ND2/B2M ratio; cerebral Doppler ultrasound: intima-media thickness (IMT)—the common carotid arteries (CCAs), the pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI)- the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs), the breath-holding index (BHI). The results showed direct correlations of CCAs-IMT, PI-ICAs, PI-MCAs, RI-ICAs, RI-MCAs with urinary mtDNA, IL-17A, IL-18, TNFα, ICAM-1, UACR, synaptopodin, podocalyxin, KIM-1, NAG, and indirect correlations with serum mtDNA, IL-10. BHI correlated directly with serum IL-10, and serum mtDNA, and negatively with serum IL-17A, serum ICAM-1, and NAG. In neurologically asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM cerebrovascular remodeling and impaired cerebrovascular reactivity may be associated with mtDNA variations and inflammation from the early stages of diabetic kidney disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert)
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Review

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18 pages, 727 KiB  
Review
The Pathogenesis of Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
by Shashwat Sharma and Matthew McKenzie
Biomolecules 2025, 15(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15030416 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 2130
Abstract
Living systems require energy to maintain their existence and perform tasks such as cell division. This energy is stored in several molecular forms in nature, specifically lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. At a cellular level, energy is extracted from these complex molecules and [...] Read more.
Living systems require energy to maintain their existence and perform tasks such as cell division. This energy is stored in several molecular forms in nature, specifically lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. At a cellular level, energy is extracted from these complex molecules and transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Within the mitochondria, fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are crucial metabolic processes involved in generating ATP, with defects in these pathways causing mitochondrial disease. Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) is a fatty acid β-oxidation disorder (FAOD) affecting 1 to 2 individuals per 100,000. Similar to other mitochondrial disorders, there is no cure for VLCADD, with symptomatic treatment comprising dietary management and supplementation with medium-chain fatty acids to bypass the enzyme deficiency. While this addresses the primary defect in VLCADD, there is growing evidence that other aspects of mitochondrial function are also affected in VLCADD, including secondary defects in OXPHOS function. Here, we review our current understanding of VLCADD with a focus on the associated biochemical and molecular defects that can disrupt multiple aspects of mitochondrial function. We describe the interactions between FAO proteins and the OXPHOS complexes and how these interactions are critical for maintaining the activity of both metabolic pathways. In particular, we describe what is now known about the protein–protein interactions between VLCAD and the OXPHOS supercomplex and how their disruption contributes to overall VLCADD pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert)
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28 pages, 3964 KiB  
Review
The Matrix of Mitochondrial Imaging: Exploring Spatial Dimensions
by Irene M. G. M. Hemel, Ilja C. W. Arts, Michelle Moerel and Mike Gerards
Biomolecules 2025, 15(2), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15020229 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1079
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in human biology, affecting cellular processes at the smallest spatial scale as well as those involved in the functionality of the whole system. Imaging is the most important research tool for studying the fundamental role of mitochondria across [...] Read more.
Mitochondria play a crucial role in human biology, affecting cellular processes at the smallest spatial scale as well as those involved in the functionality of the whole system. Imaging is the most important research tool for studying the fundamental role of mitochondria across these diverse spatial scales. A wide array of available imaging techniques have enabled us to visualize mitochondrial structure and behavior, as well as their effect on cells and tissues in a range from micrometers to centimeters. Each of the various imaging techniques that are available offers unique advantages tailored to specific research needs. Selecting an appropriate technique suitable for the scale and application of interest is therefore crucial, but can be challenging due to the large range of possibilities. The aim of this review is two-fold. First, we provide an overview of the available imaging techniques and discuss their strengths and limitations for applications across the sub-mitochondrial, cellular, tissue and organ levels for the imaging of mitochondria. Second, we identify opportunities for novel applications and advancement in the field. We emphasize the importance of integration across scales in mitochondrial imaging studies, particularly to bridge the gap between microscopic and non-invasive techniques. While integrating these diverse scales is challenging, primarily because such multi-scale approaches require expertise that spans different imaging modalities, we argue that integration has the potential to provide groundbreaking insights into mitochondrial biology. By providing a comprehensive overview of imaging techniques, this review paves the way for multi-scale imaging initiatives in mitochondrial research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert)
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17 pages, 1012 KiB  
Review
Diagnosis and Management of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes Syndrome
by Ji-Hoon Na and Young-Mock Lee
Biomolecules 2024, 14(12), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121524 - 28 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2608
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a complex mitochondrial disorder characterized by a wide range of systemic manifestations. Key clinical features include recurrent stroke-like episodes, seizures, lactic acidosis, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, sensorineural hearing loss, diabetes, and progressive neurological [...] Read more.
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a complex mitochondrial disorder characterized by a wide range of systemic manifestations. Key clinical features include recurrent stroke-like episodes, seizures, lactic acidosis, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, sensorineural hearing loss, diabetes, and progressive neurological decline. MELAS is most commonly associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA, particularly the m.3243A>G mutation in the MT-TL1 gene, which encodes tRNALeu (CUR). These mutations impair mitochondrial protein synthesis, leading to defective oxidative phosphorylation and energy failure at the cellular level. The clinical presentation and severity vary widely among patients, but the syndrome often results in significant morbidity and reduced life expectancy because of progressive neurological deterioration. Current management is largely focused on conservative care, including anti-seizure medications, arginine or citrulline supplementation, high-dose taurine, and dietary therapies. However, these therapies do not address the underlying genetic mutations, leaving many patients with substantial disease burden. Emerging experimental treatments, such as gene therapy and mitochondrial replacement techniques, aim to correct the underlying genetic defects and offer potential curative strategies. Further research is essential to understand the pathophysiology of MELAS, optimize current therapies, and develop novel treatments that may significantly improve patient outcomes and extend survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Medicine: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Carl A. Pinkert)
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