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Biomedicines
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Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration
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Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering and Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 7987

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Irina-Georgeta Sufaru

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Guest Editor
Department of Periodontology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania
Interests: periodontitis etiopathogeny; periodontal medicine; periodontal surgery; periodontal adjunctive treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sorina Mihaela Solomon

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Guest Editor
Odontology-Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
Interests: periodontal risk factors; periodontal non-surgical therapy; periodontal surgical therapy; periodontal adjunctive treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We cordially extend an invitation for you to submit a manuscript for our forthcoming Special Issue on "Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration."

Further clarification is needed regarding the onset and evolutionary mechanisms of periodontal disease to ensure appropriate treatment. It is imperative that there is a clear understanding of the underlying causes and factors contributing to the disease. This understanding will facilitate the development of effective treatment plans tailored to individual patient's needs, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Advancing our understanding of periodontal tissue regeneration is imperative to enhance the quality of life for patients affected by periodontal diseases. Innovations in periodontal tissue engineering hold the promise of revolutionizing dental healthcare, emphasizing the urgency of ongoing research.

All review articles, research articles, and techniques on advanced technologies and methods for periodontal diagnosis and the surgical approach for periodontal tissue regeneration are of interest to this Special Issue. Your contribution to this topic would be greatly appreciated and could potentially provide valuable insights into this area of research. We look forward to receiving your submission and are confident that your work will be of great interest to our readers.

Dr. Irina-Georgeta Sufaru
Dr. Sorina Mihaela Solomon
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • periodontal diagnosis
  • periodontal immunology
  • periodontal microbiology
  • periodontal tissue regeneration
  • tissue engineering

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 375 KiB  
Article
Changes in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Endocan (ESM-1) Levels as a Potential Biomarker After Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Periodontitis Patients
by Bilge Karci and Kevser Sokmen
Biomedicines 2025, 13(5), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051159 - 9 May 2025
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate endocan (ESM-1) levels in periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment by analyzing the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: This [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to investigate endocan (ESM-1) levels in periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment by analyzing the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: This study included 26 periodontally healthy people as controls (Group 1) and 27 patients with Stage III-Grade B periodontitis (Group 2). Demographic and periodontal variables were assessed. GCF samples were collected from every subject both before and 6 weeks following non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, biomarker levels were determined. Results: The periodontitis patients showed higher ESM-1 levels than the controls, although the difference was not significant (p > 0.005). The ESM-1 levels decreased significantly after treatment (p = 0.001). The VEGF-A levels did not differ significantly between the periodontitis patients and controls (p > 0.005) and decreased non-significantly following treatment (p > 0.005). The TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis patients than the controls (p = 0.000) and decreased significantly after treatment (p = 0.000). A significant correlation was found between TNF-α and both probing depth (PD) and interproximal clinical attachment level (iCAL) in the control group (p < 0.05). In the periodontitis group, the VEGF levels were significantly correlated with the gingival index (GI) (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were identified between ESM-1 and VEGF-A and ESM-1 and TNF-α, as well as VEGF-A and TNF-α, in both the control group and following treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: ESM-1 and TNF-α levels decreased with non-surgical periodontal treatment in GCF. Within the limits of the study, the findings suggest that ESM-1 levels in periodontal tissues may be an indicator of periodontal disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
24 pages, 4202 KiB  
Article
Resveratrol-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Reinforced Hyaluronic Hydrogel: Multitarget Strategy for the Treatment of Diabetes-Related Periodontitis
by Raffaele Conte, Anna Valentino, Fabrizia Sepe, Francesco Gianfreda, Roberta Condò, Loredana Cerroni, Anna Calarco and Gianfranco Peluso
Biomedicines 2025, 13(5), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051059 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus share a well-established bidirectional relationship, where hyperglycemia exacerbates periodontal inflammation, and periodontal disease further impairs glycemic control. Within the diabetic periodontal microenvironment, an imbalance between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages promotes chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, delayed healing, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus share a well-established bidirectional relationship, where hyperglycemia exacerbates periodontal inflammation, and periodontal disease further impairs glycemic control. Within the diabetic periodontal microenvironment, an imbalance between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages promotes chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, delayed healing, and alveolar bone resorption. Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-osteogenic properties, holds potential to restore macrophage balance. However, its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability and instability. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel RSV delivery system to overcome these limitations and promote periodontal tissue regeneration under diabetic conditions. Methods: A drug delivery system comprising RSV-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles embedded within a cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogel (RSV@CLgel) was formulated. The system was tested under hyperglycemic and inflammatory conditions for its effects on macrophage polarization, cytokine expression, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and osteoblast differentiation. Results: RSV@CLgel effectively suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) while upregulating anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10, TGF-β). It significantly reduced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS and lipid peroxidation levels and improved mitochondrial function and antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, RSV@CLgel enhanced osteoblast differentiation, as evidenced by increased ALP activity, calcium nodule formation, and upregulation of osteogenic genes (COL-I, RUNX2, OCN, OPN). It also inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, contributing to alveolar bone preservation. Conclusions: The RSV@CLgel delivery system presents a promising multifunctional strategy for the management of diabetic periodontitis. By modulating immune responses, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration, RSV@CLgel addresses key pathological aspects of diabetes-associated periodontal disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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12 pages, 1420 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Efficacy and Biocompatibility of a Denture Cleanser Containing Paeonia lactiflora Extract
by Ji-Won Lim, Jiyeon Lee, Min-Kyung Kang and Hee-Eun Kim
Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040869 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Microbial biofilms on denture surfaces pose significant oral and systemic health risks. Although chemical denture cleansers are widely used, they can cause mucosal irritation and disrupt the oral microbiome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Microbial biofilms on denture surfaces pose significant oral and systemic health risks. Although chemical denture cleansers are widely used, they can cause mucosal irritation and disrupt the oral microbiome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of a denture cleanser containing Paeonia lactiflora extract (DC-PL) as a potential natural alternative. Methods: Oral microcosm biofilms were formed using human saliva and matured over 6 days. Then, the biofilms were treated for 1 min daily over 6 days with DC-PL, distilled water (DW; negative control), or Polident® (PD; positive control). Antimicrobial effects were assessed by measuring the red fluorescence intensity (ratio of red to green fluorescence intensity [RatioR/G]) and aciduric bacterial counts. Biocompatibility was evaluated through an oral mucosal irritation test. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used for between-group comparisons. Results: RatioR/G in the DC-PL group was significantly lower than that in the DW group (0.94-fold, p = 0.021) and comparable with that in the PD group (p = 0.502). Aciduric bacterial counts in the DC-PL group were 0.92-fold lower than those in the DW group (p = 0.037) and comparable with those in the PD group (p = 0.460). The oral mucosal irritation index was 0, indicating no irritation. Conclusions: DC-PL demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy similar to that of PD while maintaining excellent biocompatibility. These findings underscore its potential as a safe and effective alternative to conventional chemical cleansers, offering a clinically viable solution for improving oral health management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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12 pages, 793 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Periodontal Status and Oral Hygiene in Patients with Hypertension in the South-West Region of Romania
by Ana Pavalan, Allma Roxana Pitru, Dorin-Nicolae Gheorghe, Cristina Florescu, Dora Maria Popescu, Ana Maria Rîcă, Flavia Nicolae, Adina Andreea Turcu and Petra Surlin
Biomedicines 2025, 13(3), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13030696 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 534
Abstract
Background: This cross-sectional analytical study evaluates oral hygiene and periodontal status in patients with hypertension, given the established link between cardiovascular diseases and poor periodontal health. Methods: A total of 24 hypertensive patients (15 male; 9 female) and 30 healthy controls (19 male; [...] Read more.
Background: This cross-sectional analytical study evaluates oral hygiene and periodontal status in patients with hypertension, given the established link between cardiovascular diseases and poor periodontal health. Methods: A total of 24 hypertensive patients (15 male; 9 female) and 30 healthy controls (19 male; 11 female) from Craiova, Romania, were assessed using Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), the Plaque Index (PLQ), and the Bleeding on Probing Index (BPI). Results: The mean age was 62.2 years in the hypertensive group and 47.4 years in the control group. Oral hygiene was poorer in hypertensive patients (PLQ: 73% vs. 24.1% in controls), with higher PPD (5.2 mm vs. 3.7 mm) and BPI (82% vs. 23%). Among patients with dental implants, PLQ was 24% in hypertensive individuals vs. 15.6% in controls, PPD was 4.4 mm vs. 2.9 mm, and BPI was 44% vs. 15.5%. Conclusions: These findings indicate a higher risk of periodontal disease in hypertensive patients, though dental implants may decrease some adverse effects by improving oral hygiene and periodontal health in this population. In conclusion, our study highlights that patients with high blood pressure have a less favorable periodontal status compared to healthy controls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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17 pages, 1316 KiB  
Article
Changes in Serum Inflammatory Markers and in Clinical Periodontal Condition After Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Hypertensive Patients
by Francina María Escobar Arregoces, Nelly S. Roa, Juliana Velosa-Porras, Lina Velásquez Rodríguez, María José Merchan, Jean Carlos Villamil Poveda, Liliana Otero, Álvaro J. Ruiz and Catalina Latorre Uriza
Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020374 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 929
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammatory disorders, such as periodontitis, may contribute to pro-hypertensive inflammation. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze changes in parameters for periodontitis, such as periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and serum inflammatory markers, following non-surgical periodontal treatment in hypertensive patients. Methods: A [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic inflammatory disorders, such as periodontitis, may contribute to pro-hypertensive inflammation. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze changes in parameters for periodontitis, such as periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) and serum inflammatory markers, following non-surgical periodontal treatment in hypertensive patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-and-post study was conducted, involving 42 controlled hypertensive patients with periodontitis. The patients underwent periodontal assessment and tests, including complete blood count, glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers. All patients received scaling and root planning treatment in a single session and were reevaluated one month after the treatment. Results: Post-treatment evaluations showed significant improvements in periodontal inflammation parameters, such as pocket depth, attachment level, bleeding on probing, and biofilm percentage, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). There were decreases in serum VEGF levels (p < 0.001) and reductions in PISA associated with declines in cytokine levels such as IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and VEGF. PISA for IL-6 and IL-10 had a positive correlation before periodontal treatment and with IL-1β and IL-10 after treatment. Conclusions: Hypertensive patients with periodontitis who underwent non-surgical periodontal treatment showed improvements in their periodontal condition, a decrease in cytokine levels such as VEGF, and reductions in PISA associated with declines in cytokines such as IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and VEGF. These findings confirm the role of inflammation in hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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15 pages, 4291 KiB  
Article
Humic Acid Derived from Vermicompost Inhibits Alveolar Bone Degradation and Protects Against Renal Injury in an Experimental Model of Periodontitis
by Karen Rodrigues Lima, Hugo Giordano Tavares, Ramona Ramalho de Souza Pereira, Jaqueline do Carmo Lima Carvalho, Roberta de Oliveira Botelho, Aline Chaves Reis Spuri, Leonardo Barros Dobbss, Alan Rodrigues Teixeira Machado, Débora Ribeiro Orlando, Rafael Neodini Remédio, Saul Martins de Paiva, Rodrigo Ferreira de Moura, Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto, Luciano José Pereira and Eric Francelino Andrade
Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2710; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122710 - 27 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 930
Abstract
Background: Periodontal disease (PD) leads to the destruction of supportive tissues through an inflammatory response induced by biofilm accumulation. This low-grade systemic inflammation from PD increases the risk of comorbidities. Among potential therapeutic agents for PD, humic acids (HAs) are notable for their [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontal disease (PD) leads to the destruction of supportive tissues through an inflammatory response induced by biofilm accumulation. This low-grade systemic inflammation from PD increases the risk of comorbidities. Among potential therapeutic agents for PD, humic acids (HAs) are notable for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying HA doses on PD progression in an experimental model. Methods: Fifty-four Wistar rats were assigned to six groups (n = 8 each): control, PD, PD + 40 mg/kg HA, PD + 80 mg/kg HA, PD + 160 mg/kg HA, and PD + 320 mg/kg HA. HA from vermicompost was administered daily by gavage for 28 days, with PD induced by ligature on day 14. Post-euthanasia, mandibular samples were analyzed histomorphometrically for bone loss and osteocyte density. Alveolar bone topography and elemental composition were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Renal and hepatic tissues were assessed histopathologically. Data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test. Results: HA-treated animals showed reduced epithelial attachment loss and alveolar bone loss, with improved bone quality parameters, such as reduced pore number and diameter and increased osteocyte density compared to the PD group. Renal lesions observed in PD animals were mitigated at 40 and 80 mg/kg HA doses. Conclusions: HA treatment improves alveolar bone integrity and, at lower doses, reduces PD-induced renal lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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14 pages, 1181 KiB  
Article
A Three-Month Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Adjunctive Non-Surgical Therapy for Periodontitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Iwona Olszewska-Czyz, Ewa Michalak and Agata Dudzik
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2516; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112516 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1540
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Conventional periodontal treatment for patients with diabetes has shown promising results, primarily focusing on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as an endpoint measure. The properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been harnessed in various periodontal therapies, and it is a promising agent [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Conventional periodontal treatment for patients with diabetes has shown promising results, primarily focusing on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as an endpoint measure. The properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been harnessed in various periodontal therapies, and it is a promising agent also in a non-surgical approach. The aim of this clinical trial was to assess the efficacy of hyaluronic acid in a local adjunctive non-surgical treatment for periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Eighty adult participants with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c 7% (53 mmol/mol) or less) took part in the trial. The clinical parameters of periodontitis as well as the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated, and an analysis of the potential differences between the control (placebo) and intervention (HA) groups was performed. Results/Conclusions: A decrease in all the clinical values of periodontitis after treatment was observed in the vast majority of patients in both groups. Differences in the clinical parameters were observed 12 weeks after the intervention between the patients in the placebo and HA therapy groups. Bleeding on probing (BoP) was reduced in the control group to 15–25% and was approximately 5.5% more in the intervention group (9.5–18.25%). The clinical attachment level (CAL) decreased 1 mm more in the HA therapy group (1–2 mm) than in the no adjunctive treatment group (2–3 mm). The probing depth (PD) was reduced similarly in both groups (3–3.75 mm). Due to the bilateral relationship between diabetes and periodontitis, healthcare professionals seek advancements in managing periodontal inflammation. The results of this study indicate that non-surgical periodontal treatment with HA as an adjunctive agent is worth considering in the therapy for patients with diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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15 pages, 1307 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Planimetry Assessment of Dental Plaque-Covered Area Reduction after Rinsing with 0.2% Sodium Hypochlorite Solution as Part of a Guided Biofilm Therapy® Protocol—Pilot Longitudinal Study
by Georgios Kardaras, Marius Boariu, Vadym Varlamov, Claudiu Vintila, Simina Boia, Alla Belova, Darian Rusu, Monika Machoy, Sorina Mihaela Solomon and Stefan-Ioan Stratul
Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102326 - 12 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1269
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Less often employed as a rinsing solution for controlling oral biofilms, NaOCL was used in oral rinses at various concentrations in steps 1 and 4 of periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the biofilm-disruptive properties of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Less often employed as a rinsing solution for controlling oral biofilms, NaOCL was used in oral rinses at various concentrations in steps 1 and 4 of periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the biofilm-disruptive properties of a 0.2% NaOCl solution in standardized oral rinses using dedicated plaque-disclosing agents and 3D scanning methods in patients undergoing the regular Guided Biofilm Therapy® protocol. Methods: Eight patients with at least 20 teeth present evenly distributed between the two arches were included. After 24 h of refraining from oral hygiene, dental arches were stained with a disclosing agent, the subjects rinsed for 20 s, clinical photographs and 3D scans were performed, subjects rinsed again for 20 s, photographs and 3D scans were performed again, and then the GBT® protocol was resumed as usual. Data representing areas covered with dental plaque were acquired using the “Medit Scan for Clinics” software and then underwent a post-processing and rendering process. The outcome variable was the percent reduction in the plaque-covered areas. Results: For the upper jaw, the estimated mean percent reduction in the biofilm-covered area was 39.65%, while for the mandible, it was 38.26%. The analysis of individual photographs revealed changes in the plaque-covered areas and reductions in the color intensity of the residual plaque-covered areas under identical lighting conditions. Conclusions: When analyzed using 3D intraoral scanning, the 0.2% NaOCl rinsing solution seems to be a clinically efficient disruptor/dissolvent of the oral biofilm, both when integrated into modern protocols of periodontal therapy like GBT® and for home self-care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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17 pages, 18198 KiB  
Article
Combined Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Carbonate Apatite Granules on Periodontal Healing: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study
by Naoki Miyata, Shinta Mori, Tasuku Murakami, Takahiro Bizenjima, Fumi Seshima, Kentaro Imamura and Atsushi Saito
Biomedicines 2024, 12(8), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081664 - 25 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1238
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro the effectiveness of the use of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 with carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) on periodontal healing. Periodontal defects created in the maxillary first molars in rats were [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro the effectiveness of the use of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 with carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) on periodontal healing. Periodontal defects created in the maxillary first molars in rats were treated with FGF-2, CO3Ap, FGF-2 + CO3Ap or left unfilled. Healing was evaluated using microcomputed tomography, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. In vitro experiments were performed to assess cellular behaviors and the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers in MC3T3-E1 cells. At 4 weeks, the bone volume fraction in the FGF-2 + CO3Ap group was significantly greater than that in the CO3Ap group, but there was no significant difference from the FGF-2 group. The FGF-2 + CO3Ap group demonstrated greater new bone compared with the FGF-2 or CO3Ap group. The FGF-2 + CO3Ap group showed greater levels of osteocalcin-positive cells compared with the CO3Ap group, but there was no significant difference from the FGF-2 group. In vitro, the FGF-2 + CO3Ap group exhibited a greater extent of cell attachment and more elongated cells compared with the CO3Ap group. Compared with the CO3Ap group, the FGF-2 + CO3Ap group showed significantly higher viability/proliferation, but the expressions of Runx2 and Sp7 were reduced. The results indicated that the use of FGF-2 with CO3Ap enhanced healing in the periodontal defects. FGF-2 promoted cell attachment to and proliferation on CO3Ap and regulated osteoblastic differentiation, thereby contributing to novel bone formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration)
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