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Bioengineering
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Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery
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Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Regenerative Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2023) | Viewed by 10645

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yuanjia Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
2. Department of BioEngineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Interests: cardiovascular surgery; device; biomechanical analysis; surgical repair; valve procedure; transplantation; biomaterials; tissue engineering; 3D printing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The field of cardiovascular surgery is rapidly evolving with advanced engineering solutions to improve patient outcomes. The aim of this Special Issue "Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery" is to review and evaluate recent advances in cardiovascular surgery in the field of biomechanical engineering, innovative devices, biomaterials, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine. In this Special Issue, we would like to highlight original papers and reviews focusing on cardiac surgery engineering and understand how the results can impact patient outcomes. Potential topics include but are not limited to biomechanical surgical technique analysis, new devices, tissue engineering, bioscaffolds, 3D printing, and heart transplantation.

We invite you to contribute original research papers and comprehensive reviews that align with these themes to advance our knowledge in bioengineering in cardiovascular surgery and provide opportunities to stimulate rigorous discussions and innovations to further advance the field of cardiovascular surgery.

Dr. Yuanjia Zhu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

17 pages, 9681 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Insulation of CRT Leads in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Comparative Analysis of In Vivo Exposure and Residual Properties
by Anmar Salih and Tarun Goswami
Bioengineering 2024, 11(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11020156 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 773
Abstract
Left ventricle leads are designed for the purpose of long-term pacing in the left ventricle. This study investigated the leads that use polyurethane as an outer insulator and SI-polyimide as an inner insulator. Polyurethane is commonly used for the outer insulation of cardiac [...] Read more.
Left ventricle leads are designed for the purpose of long-term pacing in the left ventricle. This study investigated the leads that use polyurethane as an outer insulator and SI-polyimide as an inner insulator. Polyurethane is commonly used for the outer insulation of cardiac leads due to its flexibility and biocompatibility. SI-polyimide (SI-PI) is a high-performance material known for its electrical insulation properties and is used for the inner insulation to maintain the integrity of the electrical pathways within the lead. Ten leads were received from the Wright State University Anatomical Gift Program. The duration of in vivo implantation varied for each lead, from less than a month to 108 months, with an average in vivo duration of 41 ± 31 months. We used the Test Resources Q series system for conducting our tests, as well as samples prepared to ensure compliance with the ASTM Standard D 1708-02a and the ASTM Standard D 412-06a. During the test, the load was applied to the intact lead. Before conducting individual tests, each lead was carefully inspected for surface defects. After conducting the tests, the load to failure, percentage of elongation, percentage of elongation at 5 N, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity were calculated. There was no significant difference in load to failure, the percentage of elongation to failure, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (p-value = 0.82, p-value = 0.62, p-value = 0.82, and p-value = 0.12), respectively, when compared to in vivo exposure time. On the other hand, the percentage of elongation at 5 N force showed a significant difference (p-value = 0.0066) after 60 months in an in vivo environment. As the duration of in vivo exposure increased, the load to failure, percentage of elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity decreased insignificantly. The residual properties of these left ventricle leads remained relatively stable after 108 months of in vivo exposure duration, with no statistically significant degradation or changes in performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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16 pages, 3478 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Characterisation of Thoracic Ascending Aorta with Preserved Pre-Stresses
by Shaiv Parikh, Kevin M. Moerman, Mitch J. F. G. Ramaekers, Simon Schalla, Elham Bidar, Tammo Delhaas, Koen Reesink and Wouter Huberts
Bioengineering 2023, 10(7), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070846 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1171
Abstract
Mechanical properties of an aneurysmatic thoracic aorta are potential markers of future growth and remodelling and can help to estimate the risk of rupture. Aortic geometries obtained from routine medical imaging do not display wall stress distribution and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties for [...] Read more.
Mechanical properties of an aneurysmatic thoracic aorta are potential markers of future growth and remodelling and can help to estimate the risk of rupture. Aortic geometries obtained from routine medical imaging do not display wall stress distribution and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties for a given vessel may be determined from medical images at different physiological pressures using inverse finite element analysis. However, without considering pre-stresses, the estimation of mechanical properties will lack accuracy. In the present paper, we propose and evaluate a mechanical parameter identification technique, which recovers pre-stresses by determining the zero-pressure configuration of the aortic geometry. We first validated the method on a cylindrical geometry and subsequently applied it to a realistic aortic geometry. The verification of the assessed parameters was performed using synthetically generated reference data for both geometries. The method was able to estimate the true mechanical properties with an accuracy ranging from 98% to 99%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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27 pages, 9714 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Patient-Specific Aortic Dissections through Computational Fluid Dynamics Suggests Increased Likelihood of Degeneration in Partially Thrombosed False Lumen
by Simona Moretti, Flavia Tauro, Matteo Orrico, Nicola Mangialardi and Andrea Luigi Facci
Bioengineering 2023, 10(3), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030316 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening vascular disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in medically underserved communities. Understanding patients’ blood flow patterns is pivotal for informing evidence-based treatment as they greatly influence the disease outcome. The present study investigates the [...] Read more.
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening vascular disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in medically underserved communities. Understanding patients’ blood flow patterns is pivotal for informing evidence-based treatment as they greatly influence the disease outcome. The present study investigates the flow patterns in the false lumen of three aorta dissections (fully perfused, partially thrombosed, and fully thrombosed) in the chronic phase, and compares them to a healthy aorta. Three-dimensional geometries of aortic true and false lumens (TLs and FLs) are reconstructed through an ad hoc developed and minimally supervised image analysis procedure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is performed through a finite volume unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach assuming rigid wall aortas, Newtonian and homogeneous fluid, and incompressible flow. In addition to flow kinematics, we focus on time-averaged wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index that are recognized risk factors for aneurysmal degeneration. Our analysis shows that partially thrombosed dissection is the most prone to false lumen degeneration. In all dissections, the arteries connected to the false lumen are generally poorly perfused. Further, both true and false lumens present higher turbulence levels than the healthy aorta, and critical stagnation points. Mesh sensitivity and a thorough comparison against literature data together support the reliability of the CFD methodology. Image-based CFD simulations are efficient tools to assess the possibility of aortic dissection to lead to aneurysmal degeneration, and provide new knowledge on the hemodynamic characteristics of dissected versus healthy aortas. Similar analyses should be routinely included in patient-specific hemodynamics investigations, to plan and design tailored therapeutic strategies, and to timely assess their effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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Review

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20 pages, 1955 KiB  
Review
Advances in 3D Bioprinting: Techniques, Applications, and Future Directions for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
by Catherine A. Wu, Yuanjia Zhu and Y. Joseph Woo
Bioengineering 2023, 10(7), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070842 - 16 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4573
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Cardiac tissue engineering is a direction in regenerative medicine that aims to repair various heart defects with the long-term goal of artificially rebuilding a full-scale organ that matches its [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Cardiac tissue engineering is a direction in regenerative medicine that aims to repair various heart defects with the long-term goal of artificially rebuilding a full-scale organ that matches its native structure and function. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers promising applications through its layer-by-layer biomaterial deposition using different techniques and bio-inks. In this review, we will introduce cardiac tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting processes, bioprinting techniques, bio-ink materials, areas of limitation, and the latest applications of this technology, alongside its future directions for further innovation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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26 pages, 4178 KiB  
Review
Utilization of Engineering Advances for Detailed Biomechanical Characterization of the Mitral–Ventricular Relationship to Optimize Repair Strategies: A Comprehensive Review
by Antonia van Kampen, Jordan E. Morningstar, Guillaume Goudot, Neil Ingels, Jonathan F. Wenk, Yasufumi Nagata, Koushiar M. Yaghoubian, Russell A. Norris, Michael A. Borger, Serguei Melnitchouk, Robert A. Levine and Morten O. Jensen
Bioengineering 2023, 10(5), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10050601 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 2051
Abstract
The geometrical details and biomechanical relationships of the mitral valve–left ventricular apparatus are very complex and have posed as an area of research interest for decades. These characteristics play a major role in identifying and perfecting the optimal approaches to treat diseases of [...] Read more.
The geometrical details and biomechanical relationships of the mitral valve–left ventricular apparatus are very complex and have posed as an area of research interest for decades. These characteristics play a major role in identifying and perfecting the optimal approaches to treat diseases of this system when the restoration of biomechanical and mechano-biological conditions becomes the main target. Over the years, engineering approaches have helped to revolutionize the field in this regard. Furthermore, advanced modelling modalities have contributed greatly to the development of novel devices and less invasive strategies. This article provides an overview and narrative of the evolution of mitral valve therapy with special focus on two diseases frequently encountered by cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists: ischemic and degenerative mitral regurgitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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