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Batteries
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High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics, Progress and Challenges
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High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics, Progress and Challenges

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 2484

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Lang Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 26101, China
Interests: carbon; electrode materials; thermal safety of batteries

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ongoing “endurance mileage” anxiety has stimulated the energy-density increase of lithium-ion batteries, and great efforts have been made in understanding the inherent electrochemistry, and in developing advanced material systems. However, the energy density increase of LIBs inevitably accompanies the rising safety concerns. Thermal safety characteristics and thermal runaway mechanism investigations of LIBs are continuing to attract widespread interest. Deciphering the thermal failure route, behavior and mechanism of high energy density is of great importance in building next-generation batteries with enhanced safety.

In this Special Issue, we are looking for contributions related to:

  • Understanding heat generation characteristics during charge/discharge under isothermal or adiabatic situations.
  • Thermal runaway route and mechanism of high-energy-density batteries.
  • Simulation and modeling of self-heating of batteries during abuse conditions.
  • Material-level investigation of the exothermic reaction during the thermal runaway chain reactions.
  • Strategies to alleviate or terminate the self-heating of batteries during elevated temperatures.
  • New battery architectures or advanced electrodes or electrolyte materials to improve the thermal safety of batteries.

Dr. Lang Huang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thermal safety of LIBs
  • heat generation
  • thermal runaway route
  • self-heating
  • thermal failure mechanism
  • safe electrolyte materials

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 13217 KiB  
Article
Safety and Reliability Analysis of Reconfigurable Battery Energy Storage System
by Helin Xu, Lin Cheng, Daniyaer Paizulamu and Haoyu Zheng
Batteries 2025, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010012 - 30 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1040
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) because of their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, good cycling performance, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, with the extensive utilization of LIBs, incidents of fires and explosions resulting [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) because of their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, good cycling performance, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, with the extensive utilization of LIBs, incidents of fires and explosions resulting from thermal runaway (TR) have become increasingly prevalent. The resolution of safety concerns associated with LIBs and the reduction in operational risks have become pivotal to the operation and control of ESSs. This paper proposes a model for the TR process of LIBs. By simplifying the modeling of TR reactions, it is possible to calculate the starting temperature of the battery self-heating reaction. Subsequently, this paper puts forth an operational reliability evaluation algorithm for a reconfigurable battery energy storage system (BESS). Finally, this paper develops a control algorithm for reliability improvement, with the objective of ensuring safe and stable control of the ESS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics, Progress and Challenges)
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Review

Jump to: Research

34 pages, 38166 KiB  
Review
Gas Generation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Failure Pathways, and Thermal Safety Implications
by Tianyu Gong, Xuzhi Duan, Yan Shan and Lang Huang
Batteries 2025, 11(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11040152 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 842
Abstract
Gas evolution in lithium-ion batteries represents a pivotal yet underaddressed concern, significantly compromising long-term cyclability and safety through complex interfacial dynamics and material degradation across both normal operation and extreme thermal scenarios. While extensive research has focused on isolated gas generation mechanisms in [...] Read more.
Gas evolution in lithium-ion batteries represents a pivotal yet underaddressed concern, significantly compromising long-term cyclability and safety through complex interfacial dynamics and material degradation across both normal operation and extreme thermal scenarios. While extensive research has focused on isolated gas generation mechanisms in specific components, critical knowledge gaps persist in understanding cross-component interactions and the cascading failure pathways it induced. This review systematically decouples gas generation mechanisms at cathodes (e.g., lattice oxygen-driven CO2/CO in high-nickel layered oxides), anodes (e.g., stress-triggered solvent reduction in silicon composites), electrolytes (solvent decomposition), and auxiliary materials (binder/separator degradation), while uniquely establishing their synergistic impacts on battery stability. Distinct from prior modular analyses, we emphasize that: (1) emerging systems exhibit fundamentally different gas evolution thermodynamics compared to conventional materials, exemplified by sulfide solid electrolytes releasing H2S/SO2 via unique anionic redox pathways; (2) gas crosstalk between components creates compounding risks—retained gases induce electrolyte dry-out and ion transport barriers during cycling, while combustible gas–O2 mixtures accelerate thermal runaway through chain reactions. This review proposes three key strategies to suppress gas generation: (1) oxygen lattice stabilization via dopant engineering, (2) solvent decomposition mitigation through tailored interphases engineering, and (3) gas-selective adaptive separator development. Furthermore, it establishes a multiscale design framework spanning atomic defect control to pack-level thermal management, providing actionable guidelines for battery engineering. By correlating early gas detection metrics with degradation patterns, the work enables predictive safety systems and standardized protocols, directly guiding the development of reliable high-energy batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics, Progress and Challenges)
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