From Traditional to Emerging Air Pollutants: Tools and Health Risk Assessment

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2026) | Viewed by 4740

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Interests: emerging pollutants; air pollutants; risk assessment; environmental monitoring; innovative analytical methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
2. Division of Rome, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, c/o Ministry of Environment and Energy Security, 00147 Rome, Italy
Interests: food chemistry; analytical and environmental chemistry; contaminants; microplastics; phthalates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Air quality is a highly relevant topic for the global scientific community. Numerous studies have been published in recent years, but, due to the significant impact of air pollutants on both the environment and living organisms, even at trace and ultra-trace concentrations, there is a strong need for in-depth investigations aimed at developing innovative tools and approaches. For traditional air pollutants, while the implementation of innovative tools has been proposed, the lack of harmonization in methodologies remains a significant challenge, hindering the comparability of the results. The absence of validation for the most innovative approaches, from sampling to chemical analysis, impedes the ability to legislatively define the suitability of methods for detecting trace and ultra-trace contaminants. This validation is crucial for standardizing the results obtained from different approaches across various geographical regions. Meanwhile, for emerging air pollutants, the variability in approaches further complicates the comparison of levels and the accurate assessment of exposure risks to living organisms.

This Special Issue invites contributions describing both traditional and innovative approaches for detecting gaseous and airborne pollutants, including an in-depth comparison with widely used methods, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses and how they can be standardized to support regulatory and legislative frameworks. Of significant interest are also contributions focusing on the validation of approaches and tools for emerging air contaminants.

Dr. Cristina Di Fiore
Prof. Dr. Pasquale Avino
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • air pollution
  • air quality
  • risk assessment
  • analytical approach
  • emerging air pollutants
  • aerosol
  • gaseous pollutants
  • remote sensing
  • sensors
  • human health

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1503 KB  
Article
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Atmospheric Deposition in Malva sylvestris Leaves Using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
by Giuseppe Ianiri, Alessandra Fratianni, Pasquale Avino and Gianfranco Panfili
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121402 - 22 Nov 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2102
Abstract
Plant leaves can be used to determine the atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to assess the contamination status of an area. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of PAHs deriving [...] Read more.
Plant leaves can be used to determine the atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to assess the contamination status of an area. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of PAHs deriving from atmospheric deposition using Malva sylvestris leaves. Analytes were recovered from the leaves of the plant using cyclohexane as an organic solvent and subsequent sonication. The percentage recoveries (R%) were good (from 65.8 ± 3.2 to 104.2 ± 16.9), together with the instrumental analytical parameters, including correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.995 for all PAHs. The instrumental analysis was carried out using GC-MS in total ion current and single ion monitoring at the same time. Real samples taken from urban environments have shown that they are not always the most contaminated. At the Palermo site, leaves were observed to have high amounts of PAHs due to the deposition of dust generated by combustion processes that occurred near the sampling site. Further studies are recommended to compare the use of plants and classical sampling systems for monitoring the atmospheric deposition of key contaminants toxic to human health. Full article
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Review

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39 pages, 3076 KB  
Review
Vehicle Brake Wear Particles: Formation Mechanisms, Behavior, and Health Impacts with an Emphasis on Ultrafine Particles
by Jozef Salva, Miroslav Dado, Janka Szabová, Michal Sečkár, Marián Schwarz, Juraj Poništ, Miroslav Vanek, Anna Ďuricová and Martina Mordáčová
Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010057 - 31 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
Brake wear particles (BWPs) represent a major source of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic, contributing substantially to human exposure, particularly in urban environments. While traditionally associated with coarse and fine fractions, mounting evidence shows that brake systems emit large quantities of ultrafine [...] Read more.
Brake wear particles (BWPs) represent a major source of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic, contributing substantially to human exposure, particularly in urban environments. While traditionally associated with coarse and fine fractions, mounting evidence shows that brake systems emit large quantities of ultrafine particles (UFPs; <100 nm), which dominate number concentrations despite contributing little to mass. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on BWP formation mechanisms, physicochemical characteristics, environmental behavior, and toxicological effects, with a specific emphasis on UFPs. Mechanical friction and high-temperature degradation of pad and disc materials generate nanoscale primary particles that rapidly agglomerate yet retain ultrafine structural features. Reported real-world and laboratory number concentrations commonly range from 103 to over 106 particles/cm3, with diameters between 10 and 100 nm, rising sharply during intensive braking. Toxicological studies consistently demonstrate that UFP-rich and metal-laden BWPs, particularly those containing Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, and Sb compounds, induce oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity, and epithelial barrier disruption in human lung and immune cells. Ecotoxicological studies further reveal adverse impacts across aquatic organisms, plants, soil invertebrates, and mammals, with evidence of environmental persistence and food-chain transfer. Despite these findings, current regulatory frameworks address only the mass of particulate matter from brakes and omit UFP number-based limits, leaving a major gap in emission control. Full article
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