Research

9 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Resin-Based Cement Applied to Enamel and Dentin Pre-Treated with Phytic Acid: An In Vitro Study

by Mohannad Nassar, Md. Sofiqul Islam, Smriti Aryal A C, Hatem Mostafa El-Damanhoury, Salvatore Sauro and Noriko Hiraishi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11976; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411976 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

Phytic acid (IP6) has the ability to etch tooth structure due to its acidity and chelating properties. This study aimed to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of resin-based cement to enamel and dentin using manufacturer-provided etchants, phosphoric acid (PA) for enamel and [...] Read more.

Phytic acid (IP6) has the ability to etch tooth structure due to its acidity and chelating properties. This study aimed to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of resin-based cement to enamel and dentin using manufacturer-provided etchants, phosphoric acid (PA) for enamel and a mixture of 10% citric acid and 3% ferric chloride (CAF) for dentin and compare them to IP6. Enamel surfaces were etched for 30 s with either PA or IP6 (1%, 5% or 10%). Dentin surfaces were etched for 15 s with either CAF or 1% IP6. Pre-polymerized composite blocks were bonded to enamel and dentin surfaces. After 24 h, the specimens were sectioned into beams and subjected to μTBS testing. De-bonded specimens and smear layer removal were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. Etching enamel with 1% and 5% IP6 resulted in μTBS values that are comparable to the control (PA) (p > 0.05), while 10% IP6 negatively affected the μTBS (p < 0.05). The μTBS to dentin etched with 1% IP6 was higher compared to the control (CAF) (p = 0.001). IP6 effectively removed enamel and dentin smear layer, and at specific concentrations, it may be a suitable alternative conditioner agent for bonding resin-based cement to enamel and dentin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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11 pages, 2270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative In Vitro Studies on the Effect of Bleaching Agents on Dental Structures in Healthy and Predialysis Patients

by Georgiana Florentina Gheorghe, Oana Elena Amza, Bogdan Dimitriu, Liliana Garneata, Ioana Suciu, Marioara Moldovan, Radu Marcel Chisnoiu, Doina Prodan and Andrea Maria Chisnoiu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7807; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177807 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1781

Abstract

(1) Background: What is the effect of 16% and 40% concentration bleaching agents on dental structures in healthy patients compared to predialysis patients? (2) Methods: Forty teeth were included in the study (20 from healthy patients and 20 from predialysis patients). Each group [...] Read more.

(1) Background: What is the effect of 16% and 40% concentration bleaching agents on dental structures in healthy patients compared to predialysis patients? (2) Methods: Forty teeth were included in the study (20 from healthy patients and 20 from predialysis patients). Each group was randomly divided into another two subgroups (n-10), depending on the bleaching agent concentration (16% and 40% gels). Color parameters were registered before and after the whitening process using a spectrophotometer. To determine enamel ultramicroscopic modifications, SEM and AFM analysis were performed before and after bleaching. (3) Results: An increasing trend was identified in the average values of ∆E and ∆L within the groups of predialysis teeth between teeth whitened with 40% concentration gel and those whitened with 16% concentration gel, while for the enamel samples from healthy patients the trend was reversed. The average values for roughness in the case of the two bleaching agents in healthy and predialysis teeth presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The effects of bleaching agents are less significant on teeth from predialysis compared to healthy patients. A direct link exists in terms of the clinical effect between the concentration of the whitening gel and color modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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9 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro Push-Out Bond Strength of Resin Composite to Dentin in Primary Dentition Using Three Universal Adhesives with Different pH: An In Vitro Study

by Regina María Del Río Carrillo, Pedro Molinero-Mourelle, Vicente Vera, Pablo Romero Villaba, Elizabeth Casañas, Manrique Fonseca, Vicente Vera-Gonzalez and María Rosa Mourelle-Martinez

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146349 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1436

Abstract

To evaluate the bond strength of different universal adhesives on deciduous tooth dentine
and their relationship with the composition and potential of hydrogen (pH). Methods: An in vitro
micro push-out test on 150 samples (n = 50) per group per adhesive, namely, Adhese [...] Read more.

To evaluate the bond strength of different universal adhesives on deciduous tooth dentine
and their relationship with the composition and potential of hydrogen (pH). Methods: An in vitro
micro push-out test on 150 samples (n = 50) per group per adhesive, namely, Adhese Universal
(ADH; Ivoclar Vivadent), Futurabond U (FUT; Voco GmbH) (Test), and Scotchbond Universal with
pre-conditioning (SCO; 3M) (Control), to record bond strength (BS) and type of adhesive failure.
Results: The results of the different adhesives (megapascals (MPa)) varied, showing no statistical
significance. The corresponding averages are in MPa: ADH, 13.66 2.81; FUT, 14.48 2.88; SCO,
14.98 3.96. Additionally, the frequency of type of failure was as follows: mixed (60.7%), adhesive
(27.3%), and cohesive (12%). Conclusions: SCO, with a pH of 2.7, showed greater resistance to
fracture, while FUT, with a pH of 2.3 and no pre-conditioning, approached the same values, being a
one-step adhesive. No relationship was found between failure and type of adhesive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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4 pages, 358 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Two-Year Longevity of Posterior Zirconia Multi-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses with Monolithic Occlusal Surface

by Elisabeth Pahncke, Sebastian Hahnel, Oliver Schierz, Michael Benno Schmidt, Anne Schmutzler and Angelika Rauch

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4449; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104449 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

In this prospective clinical trial we observed the 2-year clinical performance of posterior tooth-supported multi-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDP) fabricated from zirconia with monolithic occlusal surfaces. Fifty multi-unit FDPs were inserted in 50 patients. After two years of clinical service, 43 restorations were [...] Read more.

In this prospective clinical trial we observed the 2-year clinical performance of posterior tooth-supported multi-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDP) fabricated from zirconia with monolithic occlusal surfaces. Fifty multi-unit FDPs were inserted in 50 patients. After two years of clinical service, 43 restorations were reexamined as one patient had died and six patients were not available for recall. Two biological (root canal treatment: 12 and 14 months) and one technical (debonding: 12 months) complications occurred. According to the Kaplan–Meier analysis, the success rate was 93.7%, and the survival rate was 100%. The six patients who were not available for regular 2-year follow-up were examined after the official 2-year recall interval, and none of the FDPs presented complications or failures. Within the limitations of the current study, the use of multi-unit FDPs with monolithic occlusal surfaces fabricated from zirconia can be recommended for short-term use in the posterior area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 2930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adhesion of Flowable Resin Composites in Simulated Wedge-Shaped Cervical Lesions: An In Vitro Pilot Study

by Diana Bănuț Oneț, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Ada Gabriela Delean, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Alexandra Roman, Sorana D. Bolboacă, Cristina Gasparik, Alexandrina Muntean and Andrada Soancă

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073173 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

The resin composite restoration of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) still faces some drawbacks mostly related to the quality of the marginal seal. This study attempts to evaluate the adhesive capacities of two flowable and two conventional hybrid resin composite restorations of NCCLs having [...] Read more.

The resin composite restoration of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) still faces some drawbacks mostly related to the quality of the marginal seal. This study attempts to evaluate the adhesive capacities of two flowable and two conventional hybrid resin composite restorations of NCCLs having two types of cervical margins. Our null hypothesis assumes the same adhesive behavior of different materials. The relative composition of dental–restoration structures was also measured. Thus, restored wedge-shaped cervical cavities were realized on both the buccal and oral surfaces of extracted teeth. After immersion in dye solution, sectioning of the teeth was performed. We proposed an optical microscopy method to quantify the dye penetration along the restoration–tooth interface and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to evaluate the quality of the peripheral seal. The data obtained revealed an amount of dentinal microleakage for all tested materials, despite the favorable results of the restoration peripheral seal. Therefore, data from this study failed to reject the null hypothesis. The adhesion is not influenced by the position of cervical margins. The SEM revealed occasional disruptions of the adhesive interface. EDX sustains the qualitative compositions as provided by the manufacturers. Conclusions: The four experimental composites are recommended to restore NCCLs in clinic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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10 pages, 2836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Adhesive Layer Thickness and Tag Length Influence Short/Long-Term Bond Strength of Universal Adhesive Systems? An In-Vitro Study

by Naji Kharouf, Tarek Ashi, Ammar Eid, Levi Maguina, Jihed Zghal, Nairy Sekayan, Rim Bourgi, Louis Hardan, Salvatore Sauro, Youssef Haikel and Davide Mancino

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2635; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062635 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of the adhesive layer thickness and the length of resin tags on dentin bond strength of five universal adhesives applied in self-etch mode. (2) Methods: One hundred and fifty extracted human third molars were used. Five [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of the adhesive layer thickness and the length of resin tags on dentin bond strength of five universal adhesives applied in self-etch mode. (2) Methods: One hundred and fifty extracted human third molars were used. Five different universal adhesives were applied in self-etch mode on the dentin surface. Half of the specimens were subjected to an aging procedure for six months. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed and the results were statistically analyzed with a t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was executed to measure the adhesive layer thickness and tag depth. (3) Results: No statistical differences were found between the five adhesive systems after a 24 h storage period, regardless of layer thickness and tag depth (p < 0.05). After 6 months of aging in water at 37 °C, Iperbond Max and Scotchbond Universal preserved the bond strength over time (p < 0.05), whilst the SBS of Iperbond Ultra, FuturaBond M+, and Ibond Universal decreased significantly after the aging period. No relation was observed between the adhesive thickness or tags’ length on SBS. (4) Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, the stability over time of the bond strength of universal adhesives depends on their compositions regardless of the adhesive layer thickness and/or tags’ length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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13 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Surface Treatment and Storage Time on Immediate Repair Bond Strength Durability of Methacrylate- and Ormocer-Based Bulk Fill Resin Composites

by Farid S. El-Askary, Sara A. Botros and Mutlu Özcan

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8308; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228308 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2380

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment and storage time on immediate repair bond durability of methacrylate- and ormocer-based bulk fill composites. In total, 265 discs were divided into 32 groups (n = 8/group) according to: (1) [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment and storage time on immediate repair bond durability of methacrylate- and ormocer-based bulk fill composites. In total, 265 discs were divided into 32 groups (n = 8/group) according to: (1) Material: X-tra fil and Admira Fusion X-tra; (2) Surface treatment: oxygen inhibition; matrix; Futurabond M+; Silane/Futurabond M+; Admira Bond; Silane/Admira Bond; ceramic repair system; and Silane/Cimara bond; and (3) Storage time: 24 h and 6 months. Each disc received three micro-cylinders from the same material. Specimens were subjected to micro-shear bond strength testing either at 24 h or 6 months. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/Tukey’s test/Student t-test (p = 0.05). All experimental factors had significant effect on bond strength (p < 0.0001). Drop in bond strength was noticed in both materials after six months (p < 0.05), except for Admira Fusion X-tra treated with silane/cimara adhesive (p = 0.860). Both materials showed insignificant values with Admira bond either at 24 h or 6 months (p = 0.275 and p = 0.060, respectively). For other treatments, X-tra fil showed significantly higher values at 24 h and 6 months (p < 0.05). Ceramic repair system can be used to immediately repair both methacrylate- and ormocer-based composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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15 pages, 1607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Bonding Performance of Modern Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Conventional Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements to Prosthetic Substrates

by Encarna Piquer Maño, Rafael Marco Algarra, Amr Fawzy, Vicente C. B. Leitune, Fabrício M. Collares, Victor Feitosa and Salvatore Sauro

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8157; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228157 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2936

Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating the shear bond strength (SBS) of modern self-adhesive resin cements and resin-modified glass ionomer cements applied to different prosthetic substrates. Zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic and a noble metal alloy were used as bonding substrates. They were all sand-blasted with [...] Read more.

This study aimed at evaluating the shear bond strength (SBS) of modern self-adhesive resin cements and resin-modified glass ionomer cements applied to different prosthetic substrates. Zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic and a noble metal alloy were used as bonding substrates. They were all sand-blasted with alumina, while LD was further etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (10 s). A light-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (3M-GIC: Ketac Cem Plus) and a self-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC-GIC: FujiCEM 2) were compared to self-adhesive resin cements (PAN: Panavia SA Universal) and (3M-RES: Rely X Unicem 2). Ten specimens for each substrate were produced and up to five cylinders of each cement were bonded to each substrate. The shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated after 24 h or after thermocycling (TC) aging (5000 cycles). The data was statistically analysed by two-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls test (α = 0.05). Failure modes were analysed through stereoscopic microscopy. The greatest SBS was attained with PAN, whilst 3M-GIC showed the lowest SBS and failed prevalently in adhesive mode. No difference in SBS was observed between GC-GIC and 3M-RES. After TC aging, all cements showed significant drop (p < 0.05) in SBS, but PAN showed the greatest SBS. Reliable bond strength to prosthetic substrates can be achieved with specific universal resin-luting cements and may be an alternative to glass ionomer cements when luting alloy substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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12 pages, 2331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Bond Strength and Cytotoxicity of Alkasite Restorative Material

by Mohamed M. Awad, Turki Alshehri, Ahmed M. Alqarni, Nashaat M. Magdy, Feras Alhalabi, Dalal Alotaibi and Ali Alrahlah

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6175; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186175 - 04 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4351

Abstract

Cention N (CN; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), advertised as an alkasite, is a bioactive bulk-fill resin-based composite (BF-RBC) with alkaline fillers. This study evaluated the resin-dentin micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and cytotoxicity of CN. Methods: Flat dentin surfaces were obtained, bonded with a [...] Read more.

Cention N (CN; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), advertised as an alkasite, is a bioactive bulk-fill resin-based composite (BF-RBC) with alkaline fillers. This study evaluated the resin-dentin micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and cytotoxicity of CN. Methods: Flat dentin surfaces were obtained, bonded with a universal adhesive, and randomly distributed into two groups. CN (group I) and a flowable BF-RBC, namely, Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein (group II), were used. After thermocycling, bonded samples were sectioned into micro-beams for μTBS evaluation. Resin-based composite (RBC) discs with a thickness of 2 and 4 mm were tested on human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs). Cytotoxicity was assessed by cell viability and growth using AlamarBlue^® (Biosource, Camarillo, CA, USA) over a seven-day period. Independent t-test was utilized to statistically analyze μTBS data, while one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc tests were utilized to analyze the cell viability data. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the μTBS between the flowable BF-RBC and CN. For both materials, the HGFCs were viable, with constant growing over the seven-day period. Conclusion: CN provided a resin-dentin μTBS that was comparable to that provided by the flowable BF-RBC. Both materials showed acceptable cytotoxicity over the seven-day period at a thickness of both 2 and 4 mm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Dental Materials)

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