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Applied Sciences
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Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics
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Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanotechnology and Applied Nanosciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2021) | Viewed by 12500

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Étienne Brès

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
Interests: biomaterials; bioceramics; nanoscale characterization of bioceramics using electron microscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We have crystals in our body!

Theses crystals take a part in the biological (chemical, mechanical…) functions of our different tissues.

In the case of diseases (osteoporosis, carious dissolution) or trauma our tissues are destroyed and need to be replaced.

The design of replacement materials with long term properties identical to the tissues replaced is an immense challenge and can only met by the understanding of the nanoscale process of the pathological destruction processes of osteoporosis and carious dissolution and the optimization of the design of novel replacement biomaterials and nanoparticles with specific response of the host tissues.

In order to perform these tasks, sophisticated nanoscale characterization techniques treating of the aspects above are required.

Prof. Étienne Brès
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bioceramics
  • nanoparticles
  • nanovectors
  • nanocharacterization
  • TEM
  • SEM
  • EDS
  • EELS
  • AFM
  • atomic force spectroscopy
  • nanoindentation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 18538 KiB  
Article
High Resolution STEM Images of the Human Tooth Enamel Crystals
by José Reyes-Gasga and Etienne F. Brès
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7477; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167477 - 14 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2694
Abstract
High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of human tooth enamel crystals, mainly in the high-angle annular dark-field (STEM-HAADF) mode, are presented in this work along the [1000], [10-11]. and [1-210] directions. These images allow knowing some structural details at the nanometric level [...] Read more.
High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of human tooth enamel crystals, mainly in the high-angle annular dark-field (STEM-HAADF) mode, are presented in this work along the [1000], [10-11]. and [1-210] directions. These images allow knowing some structural details at the nanometric level of the human tooth enamel crystals and of the central dark line (CDL) observed at their centers. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of the CDL showed the Fresnel contrast. In the STEM bright-field (STEM-BF) and annular-dark-field (STEM-ADF) images, the CDL was observed as an unstrain hydroxyapatite (HAP)-like zone but surrounded by a strained zone. In the STEM-HAADF images, the CDL appeared with a weak contrast, and its contrasts’ thickness was registered between 3 and 8 Å. The arrangement obtained in the STEM-HAADF images by identifying the bright points with the Ca atoms produced the superposition of the HAP atomic sites, mainly along the [0001] direction. The findings provide further information on the structure details at the center of enamel crystals, which favors the anisotropic carious dissolution at the CDL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics)
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13 pages, 3506 KiB  
Article
CoNiZn and CoNiFe Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Physical Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluations
by Sima Alikhanzadeh-Arani, Mohammad Almasi-Kashi, Saman Sargazi, Abbas Rahdar, Rabia Arshad and Francesco Baino
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5339; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125339 - 08 Jun 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2395
Abstract
The polyol method has been used to synthesize CoNiFe and CoNiZn alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The magnetic characteristics of the products have been measured by vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. At the same time, the microstructure and morphology were inspected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [...] Read more.
The polyol method has been used to synthesize CoNiFe and CoNiZn alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The magnetic characteristics of the products have been measured by vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. At the same time, the microstructure and morphology were inspected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Magnetic measurement of samples by the VSM indicated that samples have soft ferromagnetic behavior. Spherical-shaped grains for samples were confirmed by the SEM. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized NPs. Cytotoxic evaluations showed that treatment with 25 to 400 µg/mL of CoNiZn and CoNiFe NPs exerted a significant time- and concentration-dependent toxicity in MCF7 and HUVEC cells and markedly enhanced the LDH leakage after 48 h of exposure (p < 0.05 compared with untreated cells). Furthermore, NPs with concentrations higher than 12.5 µg/mL induced evident morphological changes in the studied cell lines. Treatment with 12.5 µg/mL of CoNiZn and CoNiFe NPs was safe and did not affect normal human cell survival. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity assessments show promise in supporting the suitability of the synthesized NPs to build high-performance theranostic nanoplatforms for simultaneous cancer imaging and therapy without affecting normal human cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics)
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13 pages, 3893 KiB  
Article
Production, Optimization and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Microparticles Using Electrospray with Porous Structure
by Muhammed Enes Tasci, Berna Dede, Eray Tabak, Aybuke Gur, Rabia Betul Sulutas, Sumeyye Cesur, Elif Ilhan, Chi-Chang Lin, Pradip Paik, Denisa Ficai, Anton Ficai and Oguzhan Gunduz
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5090; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115090 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4071
Abstract
Polymeric microparticles with controlled morphologies and sizes are being studied by researchers in many applications, such as for drug release, healthcare and cosmetics. Herein, spherical and porous polymeric microparticles of different sizes and morphologies by electrospray technique have been developed as a viable [...] Read more.
Polymeric microparticles with controlled morphologies and sizes are being studied by researchers in many applications, such as for drug release, healthcare and cosmetics. Herein, spherical and porous polymeric microparticles of different sizes and morphologies by electrospray technique have been developed as a viable alternative. In this work, polylactic acid (PLA) microparticles with a spherical shape and porous morphology were successfully produced via an electrospray technique in a single step. Molecular interactions between the components and the effect of parameters, such as varying solvent compositions, flow rates and voltage on microparticle morphology, were investigated over the particle formation. It was observed that the type of solvents used is the most effective parameter in terms of particle morphology, size and distribution. When the optical microscopy and SEM images of the microparticles were examined, 3 wt.% PLA in dichloromethane (DCM) solution concentration with an applied voltage of 18 kV and a flow rate of 20 µL/min was found to be the optimum parameter combination to achieve the desired spherical and porous micron-size particles. The average diameter of the particles achieved was 3.01 ± 0.58 µm. DCM was found to be a more suitable solvent for obtaining microparticles compared to the other solvents used. Finally, particles that are obtained by electrospraying of PLA–DCM solution are porous and monodisperse. They might have excellent potential as a carrier of drugs to the targeted sides and can be used in different biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics)
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Review

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32 pages, 4345 KiB  
Review
Nanoscale Imaging and Analysis of Bone Pathologies
by Victoria Garcia-Giner, Zexiang Han, Finn Giuliani and Alexandra E. Porter
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 12033; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412033 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2601
Abstract
Understanding the properties of bone is of both fundamental and clinical relevance. The basis of bone’s quality and mechanical resilience lies in its nanoscale building blocks (i.e., mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and water) and their complex interactions across length scales. Although the structure–mechanical [...] Read more.
Understanding the properties of bone is of both fundamental and clinical relevance. The basis of bone’s quality and mechanical resilience lies in its nanoscale building blocks (i.e., mineral, collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and water) and their complex interactions across length scales. Although the structure–mechanical property relationship in healthy bone tissue is relatively well characterized, not much is known about the molecular-level origin of impaired mechanics and higher fracture risks in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or Paget’s disease. Alterations in the ultrastructure, chemistry, and nano-/micromechanics of bone tissue in such a diverse group of diseased states have only been briefly explored. Recent research is uncovering the effects of several non-collagenous bone matrix proteins, whose deficiencies or mutations are, to some extent, implicated in bone diseases, on bone matrix quality and mechanics. Herein, we review existing studies on ultrastructural imaging—with a focus on electron microscopy—and chemical, mechanical analysis of pathological bone tissues. The nanometric details offered by these reports, from studying knockout mice models to characterizing exact disease phenotypes, can provide key insights into various bone pathologies and facilitate the development of new treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Characterization of Bioceramics)
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