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Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Health

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Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been suggested as a beneficial alternative method for the adjunctive treatment of all kinds of oral infections. The interest on this therapy has been rising during the last few decades, especially since the efficacy of antibiotics decreased due to their inappropriate use. Thus, new modalities to eradicate microorganisms and eliminate multidrug-resistance phenomena are evolving.

Despite the numerous in vitro and clinical studies, there is still no consensus regarding the ideal performance of this treatment. The multifactorial nature of its mechanism of action correlates with various influencing factors, involving parameters concerning both the photosensitizer and the light-delivery system.

This Special Issue will be dedicated to new approaches that shall maximize the beneficial effects of aPDT.

New photosensitizers and technologies will be examined and “shed light” to unexplored aspects of this treatment.

Dr. Eugenia Anagnostaki
Dr. Valina Mylona
Dr. Steven Parker
Guest Editors

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16 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unleashing the Hidden Potential: The Dynamic Duo of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Photobiomodulation: A Spectrophotometric Study

by Valina Mylona, Eugenia Anagnostaki, Stylianos Petrakis, Kyriaki Kosma, Steven Parker, Mark Cronshaw, Nektarios Papadogiannis and Martin Grootveld

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7647; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137647 - 28 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1735

Abstract

Background: Despite intensive research, the ideal protocol applied to maximize the overall benefits of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) remains unexplored. Evidence exists that following aPDT, the diffused light beyond the photosensitizer can exert a secondary therapeutic effect known as photobiomodulation (PBM), which stimulates the healing of the surrounding tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the attenuation properties of five different photosensitizers activated by their corresponding laser wavelengths. Methods: The illumination of various concentrations of chosen photosensitizers, curcumin, methylene blue, toluidine blue, indocyanine green and a methylene blue derivative, irradiated by their respective laser wavelengths (445 nm, 635 nm, 660 nm and 808 nm) was explored via a spectrophotometric analysis. The onward transmitted light intensities for each combination of a photosensitizer and laser wavelength were assessed. The attenuation percentages observed were statistically evaluated using an analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) model. A Tukey’s post hoc test was performed to determine the significance of differences between individual group mean values. Results: With the exception of toluidine blue illuminated by an 808 nm laser, which showed the lowest intensity loss, all the other photosensitizers presented an attenuation range of 63% to 99%. Conclusions: At appropriate concentrations, all the examined photosensitizers may allow the passage of sufficient wavelength-dependent light transmission. Calculated fluences are proposed to achieve secondary, beneficial PBM effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Health)

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10 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of Photodynamic Inactivation and SWEEPS in Combined Treatment against Enterococcus faecalis in a Root Canal Biofilm Model: An In Vitro Study

by Shima Afrasiabi, Steven Parker and Nasim Chiniforush

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095668 - 4 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

Background: Persistent bacterial infections caused by biofilm-associated Enterococcus faecalis are a global public health concern. This study aims to compare the biofilm removal effects of methylene blue (MB) or hydrogen peroxide (HP) mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) with a shock wave enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) method laser irradiation enhanced bactericidal activity. Methods: A total of fifty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used. Each canal was then inoculated with a bacterial suspension of E. faecalis and left for ten days to induce biofilm formation. The antibacterial effects within treated root canals using MB or HP + diode laser or SWEEPS alone or in combination were assessed and compared with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the positive control group. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The MB + diode laser + SWEEPS and HP + diode laser + SWEEPS groups displayed significantly lower amounts of bacteria than either the MB + diode laser or SWEEPS and HP + diode laser or SWEEPS groups (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference detected between the diode laser and SWEEPS groups (p = 0.982). Conclusions: SWEEPS can enhance the photosensitizer distribution in the root canal, leading to effective biofilm removal. This technique could thus help promote the future development of endodontic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Health)

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