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Antenna System: From Methods to Applications

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2026 | Viewed by 8318

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Prof. Dr. Hosung Choo

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Guest Editor

School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
Interests: electrically small antennas for wireless communications; reader and tag antennas for RFID; on-glass and conformal antennas for vehicles and aircraft; array antennas for GPS applications
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Until recently, substantial effort has been devoted to new approaches and attempts to design antennas for microwave and millimeter-wave applications. For example, advanced technologies such as antenna miniaturization, array optimization, and bandwidth enhancement have been extensively studied over the past decade, and are being applied to commercial applications such as 4G/5G mobile communications, autonomous driving, or military applications including radar, direction finding, and anti-jamming.

However, as these technologies are recently employed in small mobile devices, the size and geometry of the antennas are more limited in order to be mounted in a more compact space with better radiation performance. Accordingly, advanced antenna designs using novel approaches are required that cover various aspects of this issue.

This Special Issue aims to collect relevant papers describing the latest advances and prospects in antenna design for microwave and millimeter-wave applications.

The fields of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, methods for the design of antennas, such as miniaturization, optimization, and array antennas. You are cordially invited to submit a contribution of either an original research or a review article to this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Hosung Choo
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

antenna system design and optimization
antenna arrays
5G/6G communications
antenna measurement
manufacturing methods
miniaturized microwave and millimeter-wave antennas
automotive antennas
radar antennas

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 5170 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of MIMO Radar Sparse Arrays Using a Hybrid Improved Fireworks-Simulated Annealing Algorithm

by Lifei Deng, Jinran Zhao and Yunqing Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 9962; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15189962 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

This study proposes a hybrid optimization algorithm (IFWA-SA) integrating an improved fireworks algorithm with simulated annealing for sparse array synthesis in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems. The innovation lies in synergistically combining the multidimensional directional explosion mechanism of the fireworks algorithm for global exploration with simulated annealing’s probabilistic jumping strategy for local optimization. Initial populations generated via Sobol sequences eliminate local clustering from random initialization. During global exploration, the proposed discrete variant of the fireworks algorithm, tailored for sparse array optimization, significantly enhances the search efficiency, while temperature-controlled probabilistic optimization refines array aperture and element spacing to escape local optima during local refinement. Comparative experiments with particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA) and gray wolf optimization (GWO) demonstrated that the proposed method effectively suppresses sidelobes. On average, the IFWA-SA reduced the peak sidelobe level (PSL) by about 1.3–3.8 dB compared with the benchmark algorithms, confirming its superior convergence capability and effectiveness in synthesizing high-performance sparse arrays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna System: From Methods to Applications)

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11 pages, 16124 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wideband Circularly Polarized 1-D Connected Array Antennas with Slant Slot Feeders and Gradient Artificial Dielectric Layers

by Taeho Yu, Dongju Choi, Jin Myeong Heo and Gangil Byun

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9568; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179568 - 30 Aug 2025

Viewed by 498

Abstract

This paper proposes wideband circularly polarized (CP) 1-D connected array antennas with slant slot feeders and gradient artificial dielectric layers (ADLs). The slant slot feeder introduces an identical electric field (E-field) along the x- and y-directions. Three slabs consisting [...] Read more.

z x

- and

z y

-planes, the guided wave in the slabs exhibits different multipath lengths along the x- and y-directions, leading to a 90° phase difference between the

E_{x}

and

E_{y}

components. Moreover, the cascaded slabs are designed with gradient effective permittivities for a gradual impedance transition from the guided mode to the radiating mode, allowing for wideband matching and CP performance. To validate the proposed design approach, an 8 × 1 array was fabricated and measured. The antenna shows a 1.96:1 (10.1–20 GHz) impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 2) and a 1.46:1 (12–17.5 GHz) 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth in measurement. The array exhibits an average right-hand CP boresight gain of 12.39 dBic. Moreover, we produced a frequency-invariant beam pattern with an average half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 24.77° and a standard deviation below 3.63° over 12–18 GHz for the target pattern, with a HPBW of 26°, demonstrating wideband electronic warfare performance using the proposed array. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna System: From Methods to Applications)

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14 pages, 3878 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fully Metallic Additively Manufactured Monopulse Horn Array Antenna in Ka-Band

by José Rico-Fernández, Álvaro F. Vaquero, Marcos R. Pino and Manuel Arrebola

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11065; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311065 - 28 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1471

Abstract

The Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing (LPBF AM) technique is evaluated for the manufacturing of fully metallic monolithic microwave components. To validate the manufacturing technique, a difference pattern array of 4 × 4 horn antennas is designed to operate at mm-Wave frequencies. The antenna is based on H-plane power dividers and a complex structure to obtain a difference radiation pattern by rotating twisted sections in two different orientations. The prototype is manufactured with a monolithic piece of aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg, providing a lightweight single structure that includes both radiating elements and a feeding network consisting of twisters and power dividers in a waveguide. The prototype was experimentally evaluated in an anechoic chamber and the near-field planar acquisition range, obtaining good agreement with full-wave simulations within an operational bandwidth from 34 to 36 GHz. The results demonstrate that the LPBF AM technique is a suitable candidate to produce challenging monolithic metal-only microwave components in the

K_{a}

-band, such as monopulse antennas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna System: From Methods to Applications)

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16 pages, 8217 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Compact, Low-Profile, Broadband Quasi-Isotropic Antenna for Non-Line-of-Sight Communications

by Sonapreetha Mohan Radha, Mee-Su Lee, Seong Hoon Choi and Ick-Jae Yoon

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052068 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

A single-feed broadband quasi-isotropic antenna was designed for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wireless sensor networks. The proposed antenna is based on a combination of fork-shaped crossed dipoles. It shows the broadband of quasi-isotropic radiation characteristics with high radiation efficiency. The electrical size ka of the proposed antenna is 0.94 with respect to its lower operating frequency. Its profile is also extremely thin at 0.0015λ. The impedance is matched from 1.8 to 4.3 GHz, or an 81.9% fractional bandwidth, whereas the maximum gain deviation ranging from 6.2 to 9.2 dB for the quasi-isotropic radiation is achieved from 1.8 to 3.6 GHz with a 10 dB criterion, which is close to the impedance bandwidth. The performance from the computed expectations is verified, as it shows a gain deviation of 8.4–9.8 dB from 1.9 to 3.3 GHz with an 80% fractional impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna also shows good spatial coverage of circular polarization at high frequencies. Lastly, the received power level performance of the proposed antenna is tested under the NLOS condition, which shows a higher level compared to the linearly polarized, broadband omni-directional monopole antenna. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna System: From Methods to Applications)

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9 pages, 2518 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Design of a Stacked Dual-Patch Antenna with 3D Printed Thick Quasi-Air Substrates and a Cavity Wall for Wideband Applications

by Doyoung Jang, Jun-Yong Lee and Hosung Choo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041571 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3368

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a stacked dual-patch antenna with 3D printed thick quasi-air substrates and a cavity wall for wideband applications. To achieve the theoretical maximum bandwidth of the patch antenna, the quality factor of the system needs to be minimized. To achieve this, the area of the conductive radiator should be enlarged, while the permittivity of the substrate within the patch must be reduced close to 1. To realize a patch antenna with this maximum bandwidth, the stacked dual-patch configuration is employed to obtain an extended conductive radiator area. In addition, square-pipe resin frames manufactured using a 3D printing method are applied to the proposed antenna to implement a quasi-air substrate structure that has a low permittivity value close to 1. The proposed stacked dual-patch antenna with a quasi-air substrate has a broad bandwidth of 20.7%. The results demonstrate that by using the proposed antenna structure, broadband characteristics close to the fundamental bandwidth limit of the patch antenna can be achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna System: From Methods to Applications)

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