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Applied Sciences
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Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application
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Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 7324

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Norhisam Bin Misron

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Interests: electrical systems for motors and generators; magnetic gears; high thrust propulsion systems for agoriculture
Dr. Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Director – Clean Technology Lab, Associate Professor – Faculty of Innovation and Technology Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
Interests: sustainability, clean and affordable renewables (SDG 7); low powered generator design for energy harvesting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The papers in this Special Issue focus on the design of electrical systems and their application in the areas of renewable energy, electric vehicles, and electric propulsion. Today, electrical systems and their converters have shifted our ways of living, noticeably towards applications in relation to renewables, electric propulsions, and vehicle systems, improving the preparation for modernized systems. Over the last few years, we have seen a rising demand for the design of newer electrical systems that are required to support the integration of renewables, electric propulsions, and vehicle systems to a viable source of the future. This collection aims to be a scientific collection reporting on the recent developments of those towards the modernization of renewables and vehicles in the future.

Prof. Dr. Norhisam Bin Misron
Dr. Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrical systems
  • design and optimization
  • affordable and clean alternatives
  • battery-powered vehicles
  • renewable energy sources (RESs)
  • electric vehicles (EVs)
  • feasible structures
  • electric vehicle charging–discharging facilities
  • EV charging–discharging facilities
  • AC/DC/hybrid microgrids
  • optimal configuration
  • control methods
  • economical operation

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4120 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation on Thermoelectric Cooling of Core Power Devices in Air Conditioning
by Jiang Wang, Kai Hu, Kechen Tang, Yubing Xing, Yani Xiao, Yutian Liu, Yonggao Yan and Dongwang Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7274; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127274 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Air conditioning has become a necessity in people’s daily life. The performance of the compressor determines the energy efficiency ratio of this electrical equipment, but the heat generated during the operation of its internal core power components will greatly limit its performance release, [...] Read more.
Air conditioning has become a necessity in people’s daily life. The performance of the compressor determines the energy efficiency ratio of this electrical equipment, but the heat generated during the operation of its internal core power components will greatly limit its performance release, so it is urgent to carry out research on the heat dissipation of power devices. In this work, we explore the application of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) in the field of power device heat dissipation through finite element simulation. First, we geometrically modeled the structure and typical operating conditions of core power devices in air conditioners. We compared the temperature fields in air-cooling and TEC active cooling modes for high-power-consumption power devices in a 319 K operating environment. The simulation results show that in the single air-cooling mode, the maximum temperature of the 173.8 W power device reached 394.4 K, and the average temperature reached 373.9 K, which exceeds its rated operating temperature of 368.1 K. However, the maximum and average temperature of the power device dropped to 331.8 K and 326.5 K, respectively, at an operating current of 7.5 A after adding TECs, which indicates that TEC active cooling has a significant effect on the temperature control of the power device. Furthermore, we studied the effect of the TEC working current on the temperature control effect of power devices to better understand the reliability of the TECs. The results show that TECs have a minimum working current of 5 A, which means it has no significant cooling effect when the working current is less than 5 A, and when increasing the current to 10 A, the average temperature of the power device can be reduced to 292.9 K. This study provides a meaningful exploration of the application of TECs in chip temperature control and heat dissipation, providing a new solution for chip thermal management and accurate temperature control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application)
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17 pages, 14520 KiB  
Article
Research Control Devices for LED Light Sources under Their Operating Conditions at Elevated Temperatures
by Iryna Beliakova, Vadim Piscio, Pavlo Maruschak, Oleksandr Shovkun, Volodymyr Medvid and Roman Mykhailyshyn
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7247; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127247 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1175
Abstract
The electrical and light characteristics of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), upon which modern lighting devices are constructed, are significantly influenced by ambient temperature. As the temperature rises, the luminous flux of LEDs diminishes, and the lifespan of LED devices also decreases. The control devices [...] Read more.
The electrical and light characteristics of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), upon which modern lighting devices are constructed, are significantly influenced by ambient temperature. As the temperature rises, the luminous flux of LEDs diminishes, and the lifespan of LED devices also decreases. The control devices (drivers) used in LED lighting systems, built based on current stabilization schemes, do not effectively stabilize the luminous flux when the ambient temperature fluctuates between +15 to +60 °C. The luminous flux declines as the temperature increases, even if the current supplied to the LEDs remains constant. This paper presents a comparative analysis of LED lighting devices equipped with drivers featuring current stabilization and those with drivers employing voltage stabilization for operation in higher temperature conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application)
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16 pages, 3996 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of Wearable Micro Thermoelectric Generator Working in a Height-Confined Space
by Kechen Tang, Dongwang Yang, Yubing Xing, Jiang Wang, Kai Hu, Yonggao Yan, Qingjie Zhang and Xinfeng Tang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6156; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106156 - 17 May 2023
Viewed by 1044
Abstract
With the increasing development of self-powered wearable electronic devices, there is a growing interest in thermoelectric generators (TEGs). To achieve more comprehensive and reliable functionality of wearable devices, improving the power generation performance of thermoelectric devices will be the key. It has been [...] Read more.
With the increasing development of self-powered wearable electronic devices, there is a growing interest in thermoelectric generators (TEGs). To achieve more comprehensive and reliable functionality of wearable devices, improving the power generation performance of thermoelectric devices will be the key. It has been shown that integrating a heat sink at the cold end of the TEG increases the effective temperature difference and, thus, maximizes the power output of the thermoelectric device. However, the space left for the power supply is often limited. How to optimize the integrated system of micro-thermoelectric generators and heat sinks in a height-confined space has become the key. In this study, we have established a corresponding model using a numerical calculation method, systematically studied the influence of TEG geometric size on the number of fins and fin height, and determined the optimal number of fins for the highest equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient corresponding to different fin heights. We also conducted the co-design of TEG and fin topological structure to study the effects of the ratio of leg height to fin height (l/H), the width of legs (w), and the number of thermoelectric leg pairs (N) on the maximum output power density per unit area (Pm1) and the maximum output power density per unit mass (Pm2) of the device. When N = 16, w = 0.3 mm, l/H = 2.5 (that is, l = 3.57 mm, H = 1.43 mm), and Pm1 reaches the maximum value of 30.5 μW/cm2; When N = 2, l/H = 0.25 and w = 0.3 mm, and Pm2 reaches a maximum value of 5.12 mW/g. The measured values of the open-circuit voltages of fabricated micro-TEGs with different thermoelectric leg heights (l = 0.49 mm, l = 1.38 mm, and l = 1.88 mm) are basically consistent with the simulated values. When N = 2, l = 0.49 mm, H = 3.74 mm, and w = 0.85 mm, and Pm2 reaches 0.44 mW/g. The results provide insights into the optimal design of wearable micro thermoelectric generator working in a height-confined space and highlight the importance of co-designing TEGs and fin topological structures for optimizing their performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application)
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10 pages, 3072 KiB  
Communication
High-Performance Wearable Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Generator
by Yubing Xing, Kechen Tang, Jiang Wang, Kai Hu, Yani Xiao, Jianan Lyu, Junhao Li, Yutian Liu, Peng Zhou, Yonggao Yan and Dongwang Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 5971; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105971 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1952
Abstract
Wearable thermoelectric generators (w-TEGs) convert thermal energy into electrical energy to realize self-powering of intelligent electronic devices, thus reducing the burden of battery replacement and charging, and improving the usage time and efficiency of electronic devices. Through finite element simulation, this study successfully [...] Read more.
Wearable thermoelectric generators (w-TEGs) convert thermal energy into electrical energy to realize self-powering of intelligent electronic devices, thus reducing the burden of battery replacement and charging, and improving the usage time and efficiency of electronic devices. Through finite element simulation, this study successfully designed high-performance thermoelectric generator and made it into wearable thermoelectric module by adopting “rigid device—flexible connection” method. It was found that higher convective heat transfer coefficient (h) on cold-end leads to larger effective temperature difference (ΔTeff) and better power generation performance of device in typical wearable scenario. Meanwhile, at same h on the cold-end, longer TE leg length leads to larger ΔTeff established at both ends of device, larger device output power (Pout) and open-circuit voltage (Uoc). However, when the h increases to a certain level, optimization effect of increasing TE leg length on device power generation performance will gradually diminish. For devices with fixed temperature difference between two ends, longer TE leg length leads to higher resistance of TEGs, resulting in lower device Pout but slight increase in Uoc. Finally, sixteen 16 × 4 × 2 mm2 TEGs (L = 1.38 mm, W = 0.6 mm) and two modules were fabricated and tested. At hot end temperature Th = 33 °C and cold end temperature Tc = 30 °C, the actual maximum Pout of the TEG was about 0.2 mW, and the actual maximum Pout of the TEG module was about 1.602 mW, which is highly consistent with the simulated value. This work brings great convenience to research and development of wearable thermoelectric modules and provides new, environmentally friendly and efficient power solution for wearable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application)
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25 pages, 8157 KiB  
Article
Applying a Multiple-Input Single-Output Interleaved High Step-Up Converter with a Current-Sharing Device Having Different Input Currents to Harvest Energy from Multiple Heat Sources
by Kuo-Ing Hwu, Jenn-Jong Shieh and Pin-Jung Chen
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5692; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095692 - 5 May 2023
Viewed by 1353
Abstract
In this paper, a thermoelectric conversion system for multiple heat sources is proposed. For design convenience, the overall system employs only a single-stage converter. Such a converter uses coupling inductors and switched capacitors to increase the voltage gain. In order to reduce the [...] Read more.
In this paper, a thermoelectric conversion system for multiple heat sources is proposed. For design convenience, the overall system employs only a single-stage converter. Such a converter uses coupling inductors and switched capacitors to increase the voltage gain. In order to reduce the high-frequency voltage oscillation of the turn-off of the main switches created from leakage inductors, two active clamp circuits with zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on are employed. By doing so, although the current-sharing device with interleave control is embedded in the proposed converter, the input currents can be unequal. Therefore, the inputs of the converter can operate under individual maximum power points and transfer the energy from different thermoelectric generators (TGs) to a single load. Furthermore, the main switches have low voltage stress during the turn-off period. As for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method, it utilizes a three-point-weighting method to improve the tracking stability. In addition, the number of inputs of this converter can be extended. The MPPT simulation is presented to verify the feasibility as well as several experimental waveforms to demonstrate the effectiveness. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used as a digital control kernel to control the thermoelectric conversion system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Systems: Design, Optimization and Application)
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