Recent Developments in Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Therapy for Clinically Relevant Bacteria

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 2414

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: antibiotic resistance mechanisms; phenotypic and molecular methods for antibiotic resistance detection; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Acinetobacter baumannii; SARS-CoV-2; arboviruses
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the principal public health problems of our century,  threatening the effective use of indispensable drugs for the treatment of infections. For decades, the development of new antibiotics has been facing a severe shortage due to a combination of factors, including the inherent difficulty in discovering new compounds, high costs, lengthy development processes, and the economic disincentives for pharmaceutical companies. Nowadays, the treatment of multi-, ex-tensively, and even pan-drug-resistant infections is based on limited last-resort options, including formerly abandoned antibiotics, a few new expensive compounds, and in some cases, desperate antibiotic combinations. Moreover, the optimal treatment choice often depends on other factors, including the underlying resistance mechanisms of the infected agent. Therefore, continuously updating the epidemiology of resistance mechanisms and antibiotic–resistant bacteria, combined with knowledge on recent developments in antimicrobials, is essential for healthcare professionals. This Special Issue seeks manuscript submissions that further our understanding of antimicrobial resistance in clinically relevant bacteria, improvements in the detection of these mechanisms in laboratory practice, and treatment solutions and observations. Submissions on the development of new antibiotic compounds or the in vitro susceptibility of relevant bacteria to these compounds are especially encouraged.

Dr. Georgios Meletis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
  • antimicrobial resistance detection
  • antimicrobial resistance epidemiology
  • antimicrobial treatment
  • MDR
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Acinetobacter baumannii
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • MRSA
  • VRE

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 469 KB  
Article
A Performance Evaluation of the Vitek®2 AST-N440 Card for Colistin Susceptibility Testing of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Complex Isolates Using Broth Microdilution as the Reference Method
by Dimitra Petropoulou, Anastasios Ioannidis, Christina Kaminioti, Christina Mparka, Evgenia Mitropoulou, Georgia Petropoulou, Polyxeni Karakosta, Georgios Alexandros Baziotis and Spyros Pournaras
Antibiotics 2026, 15(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15040404 - 16 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of colistin (COL) in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex (CRAB) isolates remains challenging, as the reference broth microdilution (BMD) method is labor-intensive and not routinely implemented in most clinical laboratories. Semi-automated susceptibility methods for colistin in the clinical [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of colistin (COL) in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii complex (CRAB) isolates remains challenging, as the reference broth microdilution (BMD) method is labor-intensive and not routinely implemented in most clinical laboratories. Semi-automated susceptibility methods for colistin in the clinical laboratory require validation. The present study evaluated the performance characteristics of the recently introduced Vitek®2 card AST-N440 for COL antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) on CRAB isolates compared with a BMD-based reference method (ComASP Colistin). Methods: A total of 176 single-patient CRAB isolates from two distinct tertiary Greek hospitals between 2024 and 2025 were included. COL susceptibility testing was performed using Vitek®2 AST-N440 and compared with BMD. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. Method performance was evaluated by calculating categorical (CA) and essential agreement (EA), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV), and major (ME) and very major error rates (VME) according to ISO 20776-2. Results: Compared with BMD, AST-N440 showed a sensitivity of 89.6% and a specificity of 62.3%, with a PPV and NPV of 81.7% and 76.0%, respectively. The CA (80.1%) and the EA (46.0%) were below ISO acceptance criteria. The VME rate was 10.4%, and the ME rate 37.7%. Identical MIC values were observed in 25.0% of the isolates, while Vitek®2 reported lower and higher MIC values than BMD in 46.6% and 28.4% of isolates, respectively. Conclusions: The Vitek®2 AST-N440 card performed suboptimally for COL susceptibility testing in CRAB isolates. Further validation of automated systems for COL AST is needed. Full article
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13 pages, 548 KB  
Article
Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Two High-Risk Klebsiella pneumoniae Clones (ST258-blaKPC-2 and ST11-blaNDM-1) from a Greek Tertiary Hospital
by Ilias S. Frydas, Emmanouil Kouklakis, Georgios Meletis, Andigoni Malousi, Maria Anna Kyriazidi, Fani Chatzopoulou, Irini Amargianitaki, Kallirhoe Kalinderi, Maria Mavridou, Stella Mitka, Evangelia Panagiotaki and Maria Chatzidimitriou
Antibiotics 2025, 14(11), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14111146 - 12 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 and ST11 are global high-risk antimicrobial-resistant clones known for their virulence and resistance gene dissemination. This study aims to identify these clones in a Greek tertiary hospital and understand their resistance profiles and transmission dynamics. Methods: In [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 and ST11 are global high-risk antimicrobial-resistant clones known for their virulence and resistance gene dissemination. This study aims to identify these clones in a Greek tertiary hospital and understand their resistance profiles and transmission dynamics. Methods: In January 2025, we isolated two distinct carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae in a Greek tertiary hospital: INT18S from an ICU patient’s bronchioalveolar lavage and INT20U from a urine sample in the emergency unit. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (via Microscan system) and Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) were conducted on both isolates and their genomes were submitted to the NCBI. Results: The INT18S isolate carried the blaKPC-2 gene and belonged to the ST258 clone. The INT20U isolate carried the blaNDM-1 gene and belonged to the ST11 clone lineage. Both isolates contained at least one of the extended spectra β-lactamase genes tested (TEM, SHV, OXA-1 and CTX-M group). Conclusions: The co-existence of the high-risk K. pneumoniae clones ST258 and ST11 in different hospital departments increases the risk of resistance gene transfer and suggests potential intra-hospital transmission pathways. Understanding their resistance profiles is critical for guiding treatment strategies and preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Full article
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