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Antibiotics
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Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species
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Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 9210

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Garbacz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: Staphylococcus aureus; medical microbiology; Staphylococcus; bacterial antibiotic resistance; MRSA; bacteriology; oral microbiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents is currently one of the most emerging global public health problems, leading to treatment failures in many patient groups. Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus species are significant etiological factors of infection developing multiple mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, which are transferred rapidly between the strains in both hospital and community settings. The problem is particularly evident in the case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which previously spread primarily in a hospital setting as hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) but is nowadays increasingly found in community settings as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), displaying high infectivity and virulence. Prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species transmitted in health care facilities is a major infection control challenge. Previous antibiotic treatments used are ineffective, so exploring alternative therapies is important.

In this Special Issue, we encourage research to clarify resistance mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus. Papers about alternative therapies to solve the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus such as phages, new antimicrobial drugs and antimicrobial combinations will be welcomed.

Dr. Katarzyna Garbacz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • methicillin resistance
  • MRSA
  • multidrug resistance
  • MDR
  • alternative therapies

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 553 KiB  
Article
Silent Carriers: The Hidden Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Seafood Across Poland’s Tri-City Area
by Anita Kukułowicz, Izabela Steinka and Aleksandra Szelągowska
Antibiotics 2025, 14(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010073 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Background/objectives: Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant risk to food safety and public health, particularly through the consumption of contaminated seafood. This study aimed to assess the presence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in seafood sold in the Tri-City area of [...] Read more.
Background/objectives: Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus poses a significant risk to food safety and public health, particularly through the consumption of contaminated seafood. This study aimed to assess the presence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in seafood sold in the Tri-City area of Poland, addressing a knowledge gap regarding the region. Methods: Seafood samples (n = 89) were categorized according to their origin: domestic—Poland (PL), European countries (ECs), and Asian countries (ACs). S. aureus was isolated using ISO 6888-1 methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted against three antibiotics: erythromycin, clindamycin, and gentamicin, following CLSI guidelines. Results: Of the 89 samples, 68.5% were contaminated with S. aureus. The highest resistance rates were found for erythromycin (30.5%), with gentamicin showing the lowest resistance (8.3%).No significant correlation (p > 0.05) was found between resistance patterns and fish origin or processing level. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the widespread occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in fish sold in the Tri-City area, with a notable prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species)
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12 pages, 403 KiB  
Article
Emerging Challenges in Methicillin Resistance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
by Marta Katkowska, Maja Kosecka-Strojek, Mariola Wolska-Gębarzewska, Ewa Kwapisz, Maria Wierzbowska, Jacek Międzobrodzki and Katarzyna Garbacz
Antibiotics 2025, 14(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010037 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
Objective: In the present study, we used phenotypic and molecular methods to determine susceptibility to oxacillin in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and estimate the prevalence of strains with low-level resistance to oxacillin, mecA-positive oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant (OS-MRCoNS), and borderline oxacillin-resistant (BORCoNS). Methods: One hundred [...] Read more.
Objective: In the present study, we used phenotypic and molecular methods to determine susceptibility to oxacillin in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and estimate the prevalence of strains with low-level resistance to oxacillin, mecA-positive oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant (OS-MRCoNS), and borderline oxacillin-resistant (BORCoNS). Methods: One hundred one CoNS strains were screened for oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility using phenotypic (disk diffusion, agar dilution, latex agglutination, and chromagar) and molecular (detection of mecA, mecB, and mecC) methods. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was performed. Results: Sixteen (15.8%) CoNS strains were mecA-positive, and 85 (84.2%) were mec-negative. Seven (6.9%) were classified as OS-MRCoNS, accounting for 43.8% of all mecA-positive strains. Twelve (11.9%) mec-negative strains were classified as borderline oxacillin resistant (BORCoNS). Compared with MRCoNS and BORCoNS, OS-MRCoNS strains demonstrated lower resistance to non-beta-lactams. SCCmec type I cassette was predominant. The disc-diffusion method with oxacillin accurately predicted OS-MRCoNS strains but did not provide reliable results for BORCoNS strains. Meanwhile, the latex agglutination test and CHROMagar culture accurately identified BORCoNS but not OS-MRCoNS. Conclusions: Finally, our findings imply that the recognition of methicillin resistance in CoNS requires a meticulous approach and that further research is needed to develop unified laboratory diagnostic algorithms to prevent the misreporting of borderline CoNS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species)
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11 pages, 1597 KiB  
Article
A New Guanidine-Core Small-Molecule Compound as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent against Resistant Bacterial Strains
by Noelia Morata-Moreno, Ramón Pérez-Tanoira, Almudena del Campo-Balguerias, Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla, Marcos Hernando-Gozalo, Carlos Rescalvo-Casas, Ana V. Ocana, Pedro Segui, Carlos Alonso-Moreno, Francisco C. Pérez-Martínez and Milagros Molina-Alarcón
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070609 - 29 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1535
Abstract
The guanidine core has been one of the most studied functional groups in medicinal chemistry, and guanylation reactions are powerful tools for synthesizing this kind of compound. In this study, a series of five guanidine-core small molecules were obtained through guanylation reactions. These [...] Read more.
The guanidine core has been one of the most studied functional groups in medicinal chemistry, and guanylation reactions are powerful tools for synthesizing this kind of compound. In this study, a series of five guanidine-core small molecules were obtained through guanylation reactions. These compounds were then evaluated against three different strains of Escherichia coli, one collection strain from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of E. coli ATCC 35218, and two clinical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates (ESBL1 and ESBL2). Moreover, three different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied, one collection strain of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and two clinical multidrug-resistant isolates (PA24 and PA35). Among Gram-positive strains, three different strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one collection strain of S. aureus ATCC 29213, and two clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA1 and MRSA2) were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments were reported, and the drop plate (DP) method was used to determine the number of viable suspended bacteria in a known beaker volume. The results from this assessment suggest that guanidine-core small molecules hold promise as therapeutic alternatives for treating infections caused by clinical Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, highlighting the need for further studies to explore their potential. The results from this assessment suggest that the chemical structure of CAPP4 might serve as the basis for designing more active guanidine-based antimicrobial compounds, highlighting the need for further studies to explore their potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species)
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Review

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24 pages, 2969 KiB  
Review
Prevention and Modern Strategies for Managing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections in Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJIs)
by Karolina Kraus, Paweł Mikziński, Jarosław Widelski and Emil Paluch
Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121151 - 1 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1914
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are a dangerous complication of joint replacement surgeries which have become much more common in recent years (mostly hip and knee replacement surgeries). Such a condition can lead to many health issues and often requires reoperation. Staphylococci is a [...] Read more.
Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are a dangerous complication of joint replacement surgeries which have become much more common in recent years (mostly hip and knee replacement surgeries). Such a condition can lead to many health issues and often requires reoperation. Staphylococci is a bacterial group most common in terms of the pathogens causing PJIs. S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are found in around two-thirds of PJI cases. Recently, the numbers of staphylococci that cause such infections and that are methicillin-resistant are increasing. This trend leads to difficulties in the treatment and prevention of such infections. That is why MRSA and MRSE groups require extraordinary attention when dealing with PJIs in order to successfully treat them. Controlling carriage, using optimal prosthetic materials, and implementing perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis are crucial strategies in infection prevention and are as essential as quick diagnosis and effective targeted treatment. The comprehensive professional procedures presented in this review show how to deal with such cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species)
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Other

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7 pages, 244 KiB  
Brief Report
The Oral Cavity—Another Reservoir of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
by Marek Chmielewski, Oliwia Załachowska, Dominika Komandera, Adrian Albert, Maria Wierzbowska, Ewa Kwapisz, Marta Katkowska, Alina Gębska and Katarzyna Garbacz
Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070649 - 14 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common potentially pathogenic bacteria that may asymptomatically colonize many sites of healthy carriers. Non-nasal carriage, especially in the oral cavity, and its role in transmitting antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains in the healthcare community, is poorly understood. [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common potentially pathogenic bacteria that may asymptomatically colonize many sites of healthy carriers. Non-nasal carriage, especially in the oral cavity, and its role in transmitting antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains in the healthcare community, is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus in both oral and nasal cavities among preclinical dentistry students. A total of 264 oral and nasal swabs were taken from 132 participants, and all specimens were cultured using standard diagnostic procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). The prevalence of S. aureus exclusively in the nasal (11.4%) or oral (9.1%) cavity was comparable, while concurrent oral and nasal carriage was present in 27.3% of participants. Although antibiotic resistance rates observed in both oral and nasal isolates were similar (ranging from 2.7% to 95.5%), 16.7% of carriers exhibited distinct antibiotic resistance profiles between oral and nasal isolates. Three (2.7%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were isolated from the mouth and nose but multidrug resistance (27.3%) was more frequent in the oral than in the nasal isolates: 34% and 21.1%, respectively. This study demonstrated that preclinical dentistry students have a similar rate of oral S. aureus carriage as the nasal carriage rate, and that the oral cavity can be colonized by antimicrobial-resistant strains that do not originate from the nose. Consequently, the oral cavity seems to be an unjustly overlooked body site in screening for S. aureus carriage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Coping Strategies of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species)
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