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14 pages, 4759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Piceatannol as an Antiviral Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo

by Zhiying Wang, Xiaojing Cai, Zhiyuan Ren, Yi Shao, Yongkang Xu, Lian Fu and Yan Zhu

Animals 2023, 13(14), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142376 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae. PRV has a wide host range and can cause cytopathic effects (CPEs) in PK-15 cells. Therefore, PRV was used as a model to study the antiviral activity of piceatannol. The results showed that piceatannol could [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae. PRV has a wide host range and can cause cytopathic effects (CPEs) in PK-15 cells. Therefore, PRV was used as a model to study the antiviral activity of piceatannol. The results showed that piceatannol could restrain PRV multiplication in PK-15 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was 0.0307 mg/mL, and the selectivity index (SI, CC₅₀/IC₅₀) was 3.68. Piceatannol could exert an anti-PRV effect by reducing the transcription level of viral genes, inhibiting PRV-induced apoptosis and elevating the levels of IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum of mice. Animal experiments showed that piceatannol could delay the onset of disease, reduce the viral load in the brain and kidney and reduce the pathological changes in the tissues and organs of the mice to improve the survival rate of the mice (14.3%). Therefore, the anti-PRV activity of piceatannol in vivo and in vitro was systematically evaluated in this study to provide scientific data for developing a new alternative measure for controlling PRV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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14 pages, 4136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogenetic and Spatiotemporal Analyses of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Guangxi, China during 2017–2022

by Jiaguo Bai, Chen Du, Ying Lu, Ruomu Wang, Xueli Su, Kechen Yu, Qiuying Qin, Ying Chen, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang and Kang Ouyang

Animals 2023, 13(7), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13071215 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

Since 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has swept across China and spread throughout the country, causing huge economic losses. In this study, 673 diarrhea samples from 143 pig farms in Guangxi during 2017–2022 were collected and detected for PEDV. Ninety-eight strains were [...] Read more.

Since 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has swept across China and spread throughout the country, causing huge economic losses. In this study, 673 diarrhea samples from 143 pig farms in Guangxi during 2017–2022 were collected and detected for PEDV. Ninety-eight strains were selected for S1 gene analyses and these strains were classified into four subgroups (G1b, G2a, G2b and G2c), accounting for 1.02 (1/98), 75.51 (74/98), 16.33 (16/98) and 7.14% (7/98) of the total, respectively. Importantly, an increased number of strains in the G2c subgroup was found from 2019 onwards. Bayesian analysis revealed that Guigang may have been the epicenter of PEDVs in Guangxi. In addition, Guigang was identified as the primary hub from which PEDVs spread via two routes, namely Guigang–Wuzhou and Guigang–Laibin. Moreover, several coinfections of novel PEDV variants bearing large deletions in the partial S1 protein and PEDVs possessing an intact partial S1 protein were found in pigs. Further recombination analyses indicated that two of the strains, 18-GXNN-6 and 19-GXBH-2, originated from intra-genogroup recombination. Together, our data revealed a new profile of PEDV in Guangxi, China, which enhances our understanding of the distribution, genetic characteristics and evolutionary profile of the circulating PEDV strains in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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14 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiviral Activity of Luteolin against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro and In Vivo

by Xiaoyu Men, Su Li, Xiaojing Cai, Lian Fu, Yi Shao and Yan Zhu

Animals 2023, 13(4), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040761 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause acute swine disease leading to economic losses worldwide and is a potential causative agent of viral encephalitis in humans. Although effective vaccines are available, an increasing number of variants have emerged in China, and identifying effective antiviral agents [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause acute swine disease leading to economic losses worldwide and is a potential causative agent of viral encephalitis in humans. Although effective vaccines are available, an increasing number of variants have emerged in China, and identifying effective antiviral agents against PRV to prevent latent infection is essential. In this study, we assessed the antiviral activity of luteolin against PRV in vitro and in vivo. Luteolin was found to significantly inhibit PRV at a noncytotoxic concentration (70 μM), with an IC₅₀ of 26.24 μM and a selectivity index of 5.64. Luteolin inhibited the virus at the replication stage and decreased the expression of viral mRNA and gB protein. Luteolin reduced the apoptosis of PRV-infected cells, improved the survival rate of mice after lethal challenge, reduced the viral loads in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and brain, reduced brain lesions, and slowed inflammation and oxidation reactions. Our results showed that luteolin has promise as a new alternative antiviral drug for PRV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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13 pages, 1715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication

by Haofei Song, Jima Quan, Chang Li, Wan Liang, Lan Zhang, Shuangshuang Wang, Hongyu Lu, Keli Yang, Danna Zhou, Peng Li and Yongxiang Tian

Animals 2022, 12(24), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243542 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1888

Abstract

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease in domestic swine. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1) is a costimulatory factor that is involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and infection. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of [...] Read more.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a highly contagious disease in domestic swine. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1) is a costimulatory factor that is involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and infection. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the SLAMF1 gene inhibited PRRSV replication significantly and reduced the levels of key signaling pathways, including MyD88, RIG-I, TLR2, TRIF, and inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-β, TNF-α, and IFN-α in vitro. However, the knockdown of the SLAMF1 gene could enhance replication of the PRRSV and the levels of key signaling pathways and inflammatory factors. Overall, our results identify a new, to our knowledge, antagonist of the PRRSV, as well as a novel antagonistic mechanism evolved by inhibiting innate immunity and inflammation, providing a new reference and direction for PRRSV disease resistance breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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11 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Structural Evolution of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

by Baicheng Huang, Guoqian Gu, Yunjing Zhang, Zhenzhen Chen and Kegong Tian

Animals 2022, 12(23), 3388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233388 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1559

Abstract

To analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the highly contagious porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the molecular and structural levels, we analyzed the complete genomes of 647 strains retrieved from the GenBank database. The results showed that the spike (S) gene exhibited larger [...] Read more.

To analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the highly contagious porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the molecular and structural levels, we analyzed the complete genomes of 647 strains retrieved from the GenBank database. The results showed that the spike (S) gene exhibited larger dS (synonymous substitutions per synonymous site) values than other PEDV genes. In the selective pressure analysis, eight amino acid (aa) sites of the S protein showed strong signals of positive selection, and seven of them were located on the surface of the S protein (S1 domain), suggesting a high selection pressure of S protein. Topologically, the S gene is more representative of the evolutionary relationship at the genome-wide level than are other genes. Structurally, the evolutionary pattern is highly S1 domain-related. The haplotype networks of the S gene showed that the strains are obviously clustered geographically in the lineages corresponding to genotypes GI and GII. The alignment analysis on representative strains of the main haplotypes revealed three distinguishable nucleic acid sites among those strains, suggesting a putative evolutionary mechanism in PEDV. These findings provide several new fundamental insights into the evolution of PEDV and guidance for developing effective prevention countermeasures against PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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10 pages, 973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 in Fur Animals in Hebei, China

by Yanjin Wang, Shijie Yan, Yuting Ji, Yujie Yang, Ping Rui, Zengjun Ma, Hua-Ji Qiu and Tao Song

Animals 2022, 12(23), 3325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233325 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was recently detected in pigs suffering from severe clinical diseases in Hunan province, China. There are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4, although some researchers have conducted epidemiological investigations of PCV4 [...] Read more.

A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was recently detected in pigs suffering from severe clinical diseases in Hunan province, China. There are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4, although some researchers have conducted epidemiological investigations of PCV4 and found that PCV4 is widespread in pigs. Based on the previous study, we detected PCV2 in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs with reproductive failure. To explore whether the PCV4 genome also exists in fur animals, we detected 137 cases admitted from fur animal farms in Hebei China between 2015 and 2020, which were characterized by inappetence, lethargy, depression, abortion, and sterility. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 23.36% (32/137), including 20.37% (22/108) for raccoon dogs, 18.75% (3/16) for foxes, and 53.85% (7/13) for minks. Finally, five raccoon dog-origin PCV4 strains and one fox-origin PCV4 strain were sequenced in our study, whose nucleotide identities with other representative PCV4 strains varied from 96.5% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of PCV4 strains indicated a close relationship with those of PCV4 strains identified from pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect PCV4 in fur animals. Interestingly, we also identified PCV4 in a mixed farm (feeding pigs and raccoon dogs at the same time). In summary, our findings extend the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4 and provide new evidence for its cross-species transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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12 pages, 3339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of the Nsp2 and ORF5s of PRRSV Strains in Sichuan China during 2012–2020

by Jun Zhao, Zhiwen Xu, Tong Xu, Yuancheng Zhou, Jiangling Li, Huidan Deng, Fengqing Li, Lei Xu, Xiangang Sun and Ling Zhu

Animals 2022, 12(23), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233309 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1902

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. Sichuan Province is one of the largest pig breeding provinces in China. There is a lack of reports on the continuous surveillance [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that poses a serious threat to the global pig industry. Sichuan Province is one of the largest pig breeding provinces in China. There is a lack of reports on the continuous surveillance and systematic analysis of prevalent strains of PRRSV in Sichuan Province in recent years. To fill this gap, a total of 539 samples were collected from 13 breeding regions in Sichuan during 2012–2020. The detection result showed that the positive rate of PRRSV was 52.32% (282/539). The ORF5s and Nsp2 were obtained and further analyzed, with Chinese reference strains downloaded from the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PRRSV strains sequenced in this study belonged to PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 (lineage 1, 3, 5 and 8). In total, 168 PRRSV-2 strains were selected for ORF5 analyses, and these strains were classified into sub-lineage 8.7 (HP-PRRSV), sub-lineage 5.1 (classical PRRSV), sub-lineage 1.8 (NADC30-like), sub-lineage 1.5 (NADC34-like) and sub-lineage 3.5 (QYYZ-like), accounting for 60.71% (102/168), 11.31% (19/168), 18.45% (31/168), 2.97% (5/168) and 6.55% (11/168) of the total analyzed strains, respectively. The Nsp2 of identified PRRSV strains exhibited a nucleotide identity of 44.5–100%, and an amino acid identity of 46.82–100%. The ORF5 of the identified PRRSV strains exhibited a nucleotide identity of 81.3–100%, and an amino acid identity of 78.5–100%. A sequence analysis of ORF5 revealed that the mutation sites of GP5 were mainly concentrated in HVR1 and HVR2 and the virulence sites. In summary, the HP-PRRSV, NADC30-like PRRSV, Classic-PRRSV, QYYZ-like PRRSV, NADC34-like PRRSV and PRRSV-1 strains exist simultaneously in pigs in Sichuan. NADC30-like PRRSV was gradually becoming the most prevalent genotype currently in Sichuan province. This study suggested that PRRSV strains in Sichuan were undergoing genomic divergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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Review

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17 pages, 3215 KiB

Open AccessReview

Utilizing Electrochemical Biosensors as an Innovative Platform for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Animal Viruses

by Xun He, Shan Wang, Caoyuan Ma, Guang-Ri Xu, Jinyou Ma, Hongbing Xie, Wei Zhu, Hongyang Liu, Lei Wang and Yimin Wang

Animals 2023, 13(19), 3141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193141 - 08 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1599

Abstract

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis [...] Read more.

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis of animal virus infections is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and reduce economic losses. To address the need for rapid diagnosis, electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising tools. Electrochemical methods present numerous benefits, including heightened sensitivity and selectivity, affordability, ease of use, portability, and rapid analysis, making them suitable for real-time virus detection. This paper focuses on the construction of electrochemical biosensors, as well as promising biosensor models, and expounds its advantages in virus detection, which is a promising research direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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11 pages, 795 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modulation of Host Antiviral Innate Immunity by African Swine Fever Virus: A Review

by Wen-Rui He, Jin Yuan, Yu-He Ma, Cheng-Yan Zhao, Zhong-Yuan Yang, Yuhang Zhang, Shichong Han, Bo Wan and Gai-Ping Zhang

Animals 2022, 12(21), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212935 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2533

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease found in swine. However, the viral proteins and mechanisms responsible for immune evasion are poorly understood, which has severely hindered the development of vaccines. This [...] Read more.

African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease found in swine. However, the viral proteins and mechanisms responsible for immune evasion are poorly understood, which has severely hindered the development of vaccines. This review mainly focuses on studies involving the innate antiviral immune response of the host and summarizes the latest studies on ASFV genes involved in interferon (IFN) signaling and inflammatory responses. We analyzed the effects of candidate viral proteins on ASFV infection, replication and pathogenicity and identified potential molecular targets for novel ASFV vaccines. These efforts will contribute to the construction of novel vaccines and wonder therapeutics for ASF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Swine Viral Disease Research in China: Epidemiology, Virus-Host Interactions and Control)

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