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Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation

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A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Wildlife".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 60866

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anneke Moresco

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Guest Editor

Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, CO 80465, USA
Interests: animal physiology; veterinary diagnostics; wildlife management; wildlife biology; mammals; conservation; endangered species; reproductive biology; wildlife conservation

Dr. Brigid Troan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

North Carolina Zoo, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
Interests: comparative pathology; anatomic pathology; avian pathology; herptile pathology; zoological medicine; comparative oncology

Special Issue Information

As the importance of wildlife ecosystems, the human–wildlife interface, and One Health medicine increase, we have the opportunity and obligation to use new technologies in order to further global conservation efforts. New biotechnologies have actively contributed to conservation efforts through the discovery of new animal species, a more complete understanding of present and emerging diseases, advances in assisted reproduction, and precise monitoring of wild and released animals. These biotechnologies have also enabled the addition of strong, quantitative assessments in fields such as welfare, which previously relied heavily on subjective or qualitative data. Ex situ and in situ projects contribute to conservation in different ways, and both are needed to address shrinking habitat and resources for wildlife. Additionally, while biotechnological advances often focus on positive results, many negative results are also encountered, which should be published to avoid unnecessary and expensive duplication.

Original manuscripts that address any of these issues in “Biotechnologies in Wildlife Conservation” are invited for this Special Issue, particularly those that: (1) report on new biotechnology or new applications of existing biotechnology; (2) review tangible results and benefits of technology that has been used; or (3) outline well-designed research that has yielded negative results which may be useful for future research.

Dr. Anneke Moresco
Dr. Brigid Troan
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

conservation
genetics
assisted reproductive techniques
pathology
diagnostics
emerging diseases

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Institutional Collaboration to Understand Neoplasia, Treatment and Survival of Snakes

by Elizabeth G. Duke, Scott H. Harrison, Anneke Moresco, Tim Trout, Brigid V. Troan, Michael M. Garner, Madison Smith, Sidney Smith and Tara M. Harrison

Animals 2022, 12(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030258 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 12101

Abstract

This multi-institutional collaborative study of neoplasia in snakes reviewed medical records of snakes at each facility to determine species prevalence, survival, and methods of treatment. Complete species numbers of snakes were also collected at each facility. In total, 65 species, 133 snakes, and 149 unique neoplasias were included in this study. Affected species, age, sex, and their tumor prevalence, tumor type and location, metastasis, treatment, and survival data are reported. The highest species-specific tumor prevalence was in Common or Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) (30.8%, n = 4 of 13), Eastern Diamond-Backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus) (26.3%, n = 5 of 19), and Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) (22.7%, n = 5 of 22). Malignant tumors predominated (86.6%, n = 129 of 149) with soft tissue sarcomas being the most common (30.2%, n = 45 of 149). Snakes with malignant neoplasia, metastases, or indeterminate presence of metastases were statistically more likely to die from their neoplasms than snakes having either benign neoplasia or no diagnosed metastases (p < 0.05). Gender, taxonomic family, and species of those evaluated did not significantly affect the outcome of snakes with neoplasia. Only 27.1% (n = 36 of 133) of snakes received a reported form of treatment and, for those treated, surgical excision was the most common treatment modality. There was not a significant difference in outcome based on treatment; however, surgery and chemotherapy were associated with death from a cause other than their tumor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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15 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Host Identity and Geographic Location Significantly Affect Gastrointestinal Microbial Richness and Diversity in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under Human Care

by Katrina Eschweiler, Jonathan B. Clayton, Anneke Moresco, Erin A. McKenney, Larry J. Minter, Mallory J. Suhr Van Haute, William Gasper, Shivdeep Singh Hayer, Lifeng Zhu, Kathryn Cooper and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten

Animals 2021, 11(12), 3399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123399 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8587

Abstract

The last few decades have seen an outpouring of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome studies across diverse host species. Studies have ranged from assessments of GI microbial richness and diversity to classification of novel microbial lineages. Assessments of the “normal” state of the GI microbiome composition across multiple host species has gained increasing importance for distinguishing healthy versus diseased states. This study aimed to determine baselines and trends over time to establish “typical” patterns of GI microbial richness and diversity, as well as inter-individual variation, in three populations of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) under human care at three zoological institutions in North America. Fecal samples were collected from 19 western lowland gorillas every two weeks for seven months (n = 248). Host identity and host institution significantly affected GI microbiome community composition (p < 0.05), although host identity had the most consistent and significant effect on richness (p = 0.03) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.004) across institutions. Significant changes in microbial abundance over time were observed only at Denver Zoo (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that individuality contributes to most of the observed GI microbiome variation in the study populations. Our results also showed no significant changes in any individual’s microbial richness or Shannon diversity during the 7-month study period. While some microbial taxa (Prevotella, Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were detected in all gorillas at varying levels, determining individual baselines for microbial composition comparisons may be the most useful diagnostic tool for optimizing non-human primate health under human care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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10 pages, 4418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migration and Histologic Effects of Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) and Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags in the Marine Toad (Rhinella marina)

by Megan L. Cabot, Brigid V. Troan, Kimberly Ange-van Heugten, Rodney W. Schnellbacher, Dustin Smith, Frank Ridgley and Larry J. Minter

Animals 2021, 11(11), 3255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113255 - 14 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3695

Abstract

Passive integrated transponder (PIT) and visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags are commonly used to identify reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Despite reports of good retention rates and little to no negative effect on survival time, migration remains a concern and histologic changes have not been widely evaluated. Fifty-six wild-caught marine toads (Rhinella marina) were marked with a PIT tag in the left caudal thigh and a VIE tag over the right gastrocnemius muscle prior to transport to the North Carolina Zoo. Fourteen toads were then humanely euthanized on day 9, 15, 32, and 62 for postmortem examination and histopathology which were compared to 10 control toads with no tags. All PIT tags were functional and 95% remained at the insertion site with minimal to no histologic changes. Externally, 48% of VIE tags were visible through the skin at the original site of injection under fluorescent or UV light. Upon gross examination of the tissues, VIE tags had an overall retention rate of 62% at the injection site, with similar retention rates across time points. Migrated VIE material was visible grossly and histologically in the kidneys of 98% of toads and along the right leg, proximally and distally, in 25% of toads. VIE material was also found sporadically in mesentery, colon, and free in the coelomic cavity. Histologically, VIE material in the skin was surrounded by minimal to mild granulomatous inflammation while in the kidney it was associated with dilation of the small vessels, edema, and granulomatous nephritis that progressed in severity over time. Based on these findings, the authors recommend the use of PIT tags over VIE tags for identification of adult anurans, when feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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12 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implications of Nutritional Management on Fatty Acid Profiles of Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Housed at Two Zoological Institutions

by Jordan Wood, Larry Jb Minter, Troy Neil Tollefson, Heidi Bissell, Doug Bibus and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten

Animals 2021, 11(11), 3063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113063 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3305

Abstract

Southern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) are African megaherbivores that are considered near threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The fatty acid circulating values of these animals have not been thoroughly investigated. Fatty acids are critical for immune, heart, skin, and reproductive health, and may have a significant impact on the management and conservation of this species. Published data on fatty acids in this species is limited to incomplete profiles with very few animals in managed environments. The objectives of this research were to provide novel fatty acid percentage profiles for managed healthy southern white rhinoceroses, as well as to provide comparisons between two zoological institutions with differences in diet and climate during two distinct pasture growth periods. Whole blood samples were collected as dried blood spots from six rhinoceroses at the North Carolina Zoo (NC Zoo) and five rhinoceroses at Busch Gardens Tampa (BGT) in the low growth period (February to April) of 2019 and during the high growth period (July to September) of 2020. Fatty acid results indicated numerous differences when comparing the institutions within the same growth period and when comparing the same institution between its two growth periods. Most noteworthy were the higher levels of α-linolenic acid (18:3w3) and total omega-3 fatty acids and the lower linoleic acid (18:2w6), total omega-6 fatty acids, and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio found in the BGT population in both growth periods. This study provides novel percentages of fatty acids in managed southern white rhinoceroses and data on how fatty acid profiles may be altered between two housing locations via dietary differences in hay type and quantity, pasture availability via season, and pellet inclusion levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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9 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sedation and Anesthesia of Galapagos (Chelonoidis nigra), Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea), and African Spurred Tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata): A Retrospective Review (2009–2019)

by Rachel C. Turner, Bonnie J. Gatson, Jorge A. Hernandez, Amy B. Alexander, Copper Aitken-Palmer, Alessio Vigani and Darryl J. Heard

Animals 2021, 11(10), 2920; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102920 - 9 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3146

Abstract

Tortoises belong to the taxonomic family Testudinidae, which is considered one of the most imperiled families of the order Testudines. Anesthesia is often required for the medical and surgical management of large tortoises. The objectives of this retrospective study were to review drug regimens used to successfully anesthetize Galapagos (Chelonoidis nigra), Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea) and African spurred (Centrochelys sulcata) tortoises, and to compare the times to effect and to extubation in tortoises administered different premedication protocols. Anesthetic records of giant tortoises admitted to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine between January 2009 and December 2019 were reviewed. A total of 34 tortoises (six Aldabra, 23 Galapagos, and five African spurred) were included, resulting in 64 anesthetic events. Frequently used premedication protocols included an α₂-adrenergic agonist and ketamine combined with either midazolam (group α₂−adrenergic agonist, midazolam, ketamine, AMK; n = 34), a μ-opioid receptor agonist (group α₂−adrenergic agonist, μ-opioid receptor agonist, ketamine, AOK; n = 13), or a μ−opioid receptor agonist and midazolam (group α₂−adrenergic agonist, midazolam, μ-opioid receptor agonist, ketamine, AMOK; n = 10). Inhalant anesthetics (isoflurane, n = 21; sevoflurane, n = 23) were frequently used for maintenance of anesthesia following premedication. Out of the 34 total tortoises, 22 had only one anesthetic event, five had two anesthetic events, three had three anesthetic events, and four had four or more anesthetic events. Few adverse effects were observed and there was no mortality reported during the peri-anesthetic period. Sedation and general anesthesia of giant tortoises can be successfully performed with a combination of an α₂-adrenergic agonist and ketamine in combination with midazolam and/or a μ−opioid receptor agonist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

13 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Characterization of Male Southern Stingray (Hypanus americanus) Reproductive Parameters and Preliminary Investigation of Sperm Cryopreservation

by James D. Gillis, Linda M. Penfold and Natalie D. Mylniczenko

Animals 2021, 11(9), 2716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092716 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3825

Abstract

This study investigated the reproductive biology and sperm cryopreservation of ex situ southern stingrays (Hypanus americanus) by semen collection and characterization and the development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunoassay for plasma total testosterone. Semen was collected in March and June using a manual massage technique, and the ejaculates were assessed for volume, pH, osmolarity, motility, status (0–5 scale: 0 = no forward progression, 5 = rapid linear progression) and total sperm count. Semen was extended in Hank’s elasmobranch ringer solution containing 10% DMSO, 10% glycerol or 5% glycerol with 5% N-methylformamide and cryopreserved using a conventional freezing method (~−50 °C/min) or a modified slow freezing method (~−3 °C/min). Body condition was scored from 1–5 and was noted to be low in March (1.93 ± 0.07) due to feeding practices and increased by June (2.93 ± 0.05) after dietary corrections were made. A concomitant increase (p < 0.05) in plasma total testosterone concentration and sperm motility was noted between March (8.0 ± 7.2 ng/mL, 5.71 ± 2.77%) and June (97.3 ± 11.3 ng/mL, 51.4 ± 14.3%). Samples cryopreserved using a modified slow freeze method (~−3 °C/min) had higher post-thaw motility and plasma membrane integrity than conventionally cryopreserved samples. Data indicate that southern stingray sperm morphometrics adheres to those of other elasmobranch species and that a slow cooling rate may be an avenue of research to improve southern stingray sperm survival during cryopreservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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11 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IGF-I Medium Supplementation Improves Singly Cultured Cat Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development In Vitro

by Lorena Fernandez-Gonzalez, Valeria Kozhevnikova, Eugeny Brusentsev, Stefanie Jänsch, Sergei Amstislavsky and Katarina Jewgenow

Animals 2021, 11(7), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071909 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

Embryo production is a routine procedure in several species. However, in felids, the effectiveness of this approach is far behind that in the majority of laboratory species. The development of a suitable environment starts with the proper composition of culture media. Therefore, for the improvement of assisted reproduction techniques and their outcome in cats, this is an urgent task. As the addition of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was beneficial in other mammalian species, this study aims to check whether these components, combined with other factors (such as type of fertilisation or type of culture) can provide a benefit in the felid culture system in current use. Thus, these supplements, in different concentrations and combinations, were merged with the use of two fertilisation techniques and randomly assigned to single or group culturing. The results showed that the addition of IGF-I and/or GM-CSF produced an increase in morula and blastocyst rate in a single culture system. In particular, the supplementation with 20 ng/mL of IGF-I incremented the maturation rate by 10% and significantly increased the morula and blastocyst rates in single culturing. This result is especially remarkable for wild felids, where only a few oocytes and/or embryos are available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

11 pages, 10690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abiotic and Biotic Influences on the Movement of Reintroduced Chinese Giant Salamanders (Andrias davidianus) in Two Montane Rivers

by Qijun Wang, Lu Zhang, Hu Zhao, Qing Zhao, Jie Deng, Fei Kong, Wei Jiang, Hongxing Zhang, Hong Liu and Andrew Kouba

Animals 2021, 11(6), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061480 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3412

Abstract

Understanding animal movement is a key question in ecology and biodiversity conservation, which is particularly important for the success of reintroduction projects. The movement of critically endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) remains poorly understood due to the rareness of wild individuals of this species. We lack movement details about the full annual cycle after reintroduction, especially the abiotic and biotic influences that affect its movement. We utilized pilot reintroduction projects as opportunities to fill in some knowledge gaps on their movement ecology. We released 31 juvenile captive-reared Chinese giant salamanders of two age groups in two rivers in the Qinling Mountains of central China and monitored their daily movements for 16 months using surgically implanted radio transmitters. We examined the impacts of individual traits (body mass, body condition) and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, and moon phase) on their daily movement patterns. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects logistic regression model to understand the drivers of their movement tendency (i.e., whether they move or not) and a linear mixed-effects model was used to understand the drivers of their movement distance. We found that movement tendency of the older salamander cohort was positively affected by the moon phase, increasing near the Full Moon, whereas the younger cohort of animals were not impacted by the moon phase. For daily distance moved, we found temperature had a strong positive effect on both cohorts, whereas precipitation had moderate but opposite effects on the two cohorts Body mass and body condition did not have any significant impacts on either age classes’ movement tendency or distance. This study provides insight into the abiotic factors that impact the temporal and spatial movement ecology of reintroduced giant salamander, which will in turn help with designing best practices for future releases and conservation of this iconic montane aquatic predator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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18 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessReview

Reproductive Technologies Used in Male Neo-Tropical Hystricomorphic Rodents

by Kavita Ranjeeta Lall, Kegan Romelle Jones and Gary Wayne Garcia

Animals 2022, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010034 - 24 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7502

Abstract

This review, which is the first of two, focuses on the male reproductive anatomy and reproductive technologies used in Neo-tropical hystricomorphic rodents with the potential for domestication, which are the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and the paca (Cuniculus paca). We consider over seventy references spanning from 1965 to 2020, with the majority of work being done in the past twenty years. Knowledge of the reproductive tract and reproductive technologies is critical to the conservation and preservation of these species. Although all three animals had similarities in their anatomy, such as no overt scrotums and testes located intra-abdominally in the inguinal region, some had unique features—for example, the agouti and the paca had penile spines, and two lateral penile cartilages. High spermatogenic efficiency was noted in the agouti and the paca, making them good candidates for increasing their reproductive performance in conservation programs. A review of the literature has shown that there is increasing work taking place on the reproductive technologies used in these animals; however, a lot of work is still lacking, as, to the author’s knowledge, standard protocols and artificial insemination procedures are yet to be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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10 pages, 2315 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds

by Jeann Leal de Araújo and Raquel Rubia Rech

Animals 2021, 11(12), 3558; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123558 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6205

Abstract

Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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Other

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12 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Studies in Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Sperm Collection and Cryopreservation Techniques

by Jessye Wojtusik, Terri L. Roth and Erin Curry

Animals 2022, 12(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040430 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3416

Abstract

Assisted reproductive technologies can aid conservation efforts via support of ex situ population management and preservation of genetic material. Data from 38 sperm collection attempts from 17 polar bears (1–5 procedures/bear) were evaluated. Sample collections were attempted via electroejaculation (EEJ; n = 6), urethral catheterization (UC; n = 25), or sperm rescue (SR; n = 7) during the breeding season (Jan. 1-May 21; n = 27) and nonbreeding season (May 22-Dec. 31; n = 11). Sperm retrieval was successful in 1 EEJ (16.7%), 18 UC (72.0%) and 4 SR (57.1%) collections. Initial sperm motility and viability were 50.0% and 77.0% for EEJ, 64.3 ± 7.4% and 80.9 ± 3.8% for UC, and 56.7 ± 8.8% and 80.5 ± 0.5% for SR. UC and SR were more likely to be successful during the breeding season (84.2–100%) than the nonbreeding season (25.0–33.3%). Testicular tumors were observed in four males (57%) during SR. In total, 13 samples were cryopreserved (n = 1 EEJ, 9 UC, and 3 SR) with egg-yolk-based equine extender (EQ) or OptiXcell (OP). For both extenders, post-thaw motility and viability were reduced by 20–60% and 30–65%, respectively. Further efforts to optimize procedures are warranted, but this summary provides data useful for enhancing the success of polar bear sperm collection and cryopreservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnologies for the Advancement of Wildlife Conservation)

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