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Animals
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Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs
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Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Pigs".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 5896

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Changchao Huan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Interests: pathogenesis; antiviral strategies; vaccines; swine disease viruses
Dr. Yanrong Zhou

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: porcine enteric coronavirus; metabolism; innate immune; autophagy
Dr. Longjun Guo

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
Interests: PEDV; virus; pigs

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are excited to present a new Special Issue of Animals on “Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs”. Porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), which include porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), infect pigs of different ages and cause diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in piglets, with high morbidity and mortality. PECs, which have the potential to spread across species, are causing huge economic losses in the pig industry in China and the world. Therefore, studies focusing on PECs are urgent.

The aim of this Special Issue is to showcase the newest contributions in the field of porcine enteric coronavirus research, providing new insights into, and research on, unresolved issues. Papers exploring virus–host interactions, viral replication, pathogenesis, immunity, evolution, and novel antiviral strategies will be published in this Special Issue. Original research and review papers relevant to this area are particularly welcome.

Dr. Changchao Huan
Guest Editor

Dr. Yanrong Zhou
Dr. Longjun Guo
Co-Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PEDV
  • PDCoV
  • TGEV
  • SADS-CoV
  • virus–host interaction
  • pathogenesis
  • immunity
  • antiviral strategies
  • evolution
  • viral replication

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 13382 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Activity of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Extracts of Mulberry Leaves Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
by Yiwei Sun, Liyan Wang, Keke Ma, Manman Shen, Jiying Liu, Yujuan Zhang and Liumei Sun
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091207 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 313
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due to their abundant availability, diverse biological activities, and low toxicity. In this study, the antiviral properties of the naturally occurring alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) against PEDV were examined. The CC50 of DNJ was determined to be 912.5 μM through experimental analysis on Vero-E6 cells. DNJ demonstrated an inhibitory effect on PEDV activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 57.76 μM. The compound primarily inhibited PEDV proliferation during the viral life cycle stages of attachment and replication. Moreover, DNJ mitigated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation associated with PEDV infection. Computational docking predictions suggest that the viral non-structural proteins include Nsp12, Nsp14, and Nsp16 may serve as potential targets for DNJ. Consequently, DNJ represents a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents against PEDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
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16 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Bacillus Strains as Prophylactic Agents Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
by You-Jia Chen, Chia-Fang Tsai, Chin-Wei Hsu, Hui-Wen Chang and Je-Ruei Liu
Animals 2025, 15(4), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040470 - 7 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 655
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), particularly the highly virulent G2b strains, has inflicted substantial economic losses on the global swine industry. This study evaluated the prophylactic effects of three Bacillus strains—B. amyloliquefaciens LN, B. licheniformis CK, and B. velezensis AC—against PEDV infection using in vitro [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), particularly the highly virulent G2b strains, has inflicted substantial economic losses on the global swine industry. This study evaluated the prophylactic effects of three Bacillus strains—B. amyloliquefaciens LN, B. licheniformis CK, and B. velezensis AC—against PEDV infection using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro experiments with Vero cells demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens LN increased cell viability, reduced PEDV-N expression, and modulated proinflammatory cytokine responses. In vivo, piglets supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens LN exhibited alleviated diarrhea symptoms, suppression of fecal viral RNA shedding to below the detection limit, and restoration of gut microbiota balance by increasing Bacteroidetes and reducing Proteobacteria abundance. Mechanistic studies indicated that the measured interferon (IFN)-related genes were not significantly influenced in this study, suggesting that the protective effects of B. amyloliquefaciens LN may involve the modulation of inflammatory responses and the inhibition of viral replication through reduced PEDV-N expression. This study illustrates the potential of using B. amyloliquefaciens LN as a feed additive to prevent PEDV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
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13 pages, 3192 KiB  
Article
Phylogenetic and Genetic Variation Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in East Central China during 2020–2023
by Liumei Sun, Duo Li, Caijie Yan, Chengyue Wu, Feng Han, Zongyi Bo, Manman Shen, Yiwei Sun, Liyan Wang, Haoqin Zheng, Mengdong Wang and Zhendong Zhang
Animals 2024, 14(15), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152185 - 26 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease. This study evaluated the emergence of nine variants in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China from 2020 to 2023. S gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of a highly contagious, acute enteric viral disease. This study evaluated the emergence of nine variants in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of China from 2020 to 2023. S gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that three variants belong to the G1c subgroup, while the other six strains are clustered within the G2c subgroup. Recombination analyses supported that three variants of the G1c subgroup were likely derived from recombination of parental variants FR0012014 and a donor variant AJ1102. In addition, there are novel mutations on amino acid 141–148 and these likely resulted in changes in antigenicity in the three variants. These results illustrated that the study provides novel insights into the epidemiology, evolution, and transmission of PEDV in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
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16 pages, 15135 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Transmission and Evolution of PEDV Variants and Co-Infections in Northeast China from 2011 to 2022
by Feipeng Zhao, Xin’ao Ma, Jianfeng Yang, Zhiying Wei, Jiaxuan Li, Yanping Jiang, Wen Cui, Zhifu Shan and Lijie Tang
Animals 2024, 14(15), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152168 - 25 Jul 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a rapidly evolving virus that causes outbreaks in pig herds worldwide. Mutations in the S protein of PEDV have led to the emergence of new viral variants, which can reduce vaccine immunity against prevalent strains. To understand [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a rapidly evolving virus that causes outbreaks in pig herds worldwide. Mutations in the S protein of PEDV have led to the emergence of new viral variants, which can reduce vaccine immunity against prevalent strains. To understand the infection and variation pattern of PEDV in China, an extensive epidemiological survey was conducted in northeast China from 2015 to 2022. The genetic diversity of enteroviruses co-infected with PEDV and the PEDV S gene was analyzed, common mutation patterns that may have led to changes in PEDV virulence and infectivity in recent years were identified, and structural changes in the surface of the S protein resulting from mutations in the PEDV S gene from 2011 to 2022 were reviewed. Of note, two distinct mutations in the emerging 2022 HEB strain were identified. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of PEDV co-infection and genetic evolution in northeast China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
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Review

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19 pages, 3268 KiB  
Review
Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus: An Overview of Virus Structure and Virus–Host Interactions
by Seung-Hwa Baek and Jung-Eun Park
Animals 2025, 15(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020149 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1291
Abstract
SADS-CoV, a recently identified Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-associated swine coronavirus, is a malignant pathogen that causes acute diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and weight loss in infected piglets. The virus was first detected in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since been observed in [...] Read more.
SADS-CoV, a recently identified Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-associated swine coronavirus, is a malignant pathogen that causes acute diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and weight loss in infected piglets. The virus was first detected in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since been observed in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces. In 2023, the virus was detected in Henan Province, in inland China. This virus can infect various cell lines, including human cell lines, showing significant potential for cross-species transmission and posing a possible zoonotic threat. However, the molecular biology of SADS-CoV remains largely unknown, and there are no commercially available therapeutics or vaccines to prevent SADS-CoV infection. In this review, an update on progress in SADS-CoV research is provided, with a focus on the history of outbreaks, the characteristics of the virus, its interactions with the host, and developments in therapeutics and vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
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