Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus: An Overview of Virus Structure and Virus–Host Interactions
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2025, 15(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020149
Submission received: 26 November 2024
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Revised: 5 January 2025
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Accepted: 7 January 2025
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Published: 9 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)
Simple Summary
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has a high mortality rate in piglets and shows high potential for cross-species transmission, posing a zoonotic threat and a new threat to the swine industry. However, there is currently no vaccine or treatment to prevent this virus, and research on the virus is still in its early stages. In this review, we discuss the structural characteristics of the virus and its interactions with the host. We also identify research trends in therapeutics and vaccines and hope to contribute to a better understanding of SADS-CoVs and to future research.
Abstract
SADS-CoV, a recently identified Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-associated swine coronavirus, is a malignant pathogen that causes acute diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and weight loss in infected piglets. The virus was first detected in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since been observed in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces. In 2023, the virus was detected in Henan Province, in inland China. This virus can infect various cell lines, including human cell lines, showing significant potential for cross-species transmission and posing a possible zoonotic threat. However, the molecular biology of SADS-CoV remains largely unknown, and there are no commercially available therapeutics or vaccines to prevent SADS-CoV infection. In this review, an update on progress in SADS-CoV research is provided, with a focus on the history of outbreaks, the characteristics of the virus, its interactions with the host, and developments in therapeutics and vaccines.
