Journal of Functional Biomaterials

12 pages, 3399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Sintering Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics: An In-Vitro Study

by Mai Soliman, Raghad Alotaibi, Abrar Almutairi, Asma Alzahrani, Reem Abunyan, Aseel Rozi, Dalia Alamri, Shahad Almakenzi, Elzahraa Eldwakhly and Alhanoof Aldegheishem

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110408 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of different sintering parameters on the surface roughness and fracture resistance of different CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics before and after thermocycling and simulated toothbrushing. Sixty lithium disilicate ceramic samples were categorized according to ceramic type (AMB: Amber Mill, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effect of different sintering parameters on the surface roughness and fracture resistance of different CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics before and after thermocycling and simulated toothbrushing. Sixty lithium disilicate ceramic samples were categorized according to ceramic type (AMB: Amber Mill, ECAD: IPS e.max CAD) and level of translucency (LT: low and HT: high) into four groups: AMB_LT, AMB_HT, ECAD_LT and ECAD_HT. Specimens were prepared to 2 mm thickness, crystallized, polished, and subjected to thermocycling to simulate five years of clinical aging. Simulated toothbrushing was performed using a soft-bristled mechanical brushing system under controlled force and strokes. Surface roughness was assessed using a profilometer before and after brushing, and fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were statistically evaluated using paired t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction (p ≤ 0.05). LT lithium disilicate specimens exhibited significantly smoother surfaces than high-translucency counterparts. After thermocycling and brushing simulation, all groups showed a statistically significant increase in surface roughness, ranging between 0.239 ± 0.012 μm (AMB_LT) and 0.486 ± 0.014 μm (ECAD_HT). In terms of fracture resistance, the highest values were recorded for ECAD_HT (636 ± 8.29 N), and the lowest in the AMB_HT group (546.3 ± 21.9 N) with significant differences observed between materials and translucency levels. Sintering parameters and artificial aging significantly influenced the surface roughness and fracture resistance of lithium disilicate ceramics. Low-translucency variants demonstrated smoother surfaces and higher strength than high-translucency groups, while all materials exhibited increased roughness after aging. These findings provide guidance for the selection of lithium disilicate ceramics, balancing esthetic and mechanical requirements in anterior and posterior restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Analyses, Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Dental Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 3772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Pure Hydroxyapatite/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds from Ultra-Pure Precursors: Composition Governs Porosity, Strength, and SBF Kinetics

by Panuwat Monviset, Kasama Srirussamee, Anak Khantachawana and Parichart Naruphontjirakul

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110407 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)scaffolds comprising hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were produced from ultra-pure precursors and processed under an α-TCP–avoiding schedule (1100 °C, 2 h). Quantitative X-ray diffraction (Rietveld/Profex) detected no α-TCP above the ~1 wt% limit of detection and quantified post-sintering [...] Read more.

Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)scaffolds comprising hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were produced from ultra-pure precursors and processed under an α-TCP–avoiding schedule (1100 °C, 2 h). Quantitative X-ray diffraction (Rietveld/Profex) detected no α-TCP above the ~1 wt% limit of detection and quantified post-sintering phase fractions (wt% HA/β-TCP): 99.26/0.74, 68.51/31.49, and 27.57/72.43. Across compositions, SEM/ImageJ yielded similar mean macropore sizes (≈71–80 µm), while open porosity increased with the HA fraction (27.5 ± 1.8%, 39.1 ± 2.0%, 57.1 ± 2.4%). Compressive strength decreased accordingly (1.07 ± 0.25, 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.02 MPa), consistent with non-load-bearing use. In ISO-compliant simulated body fluid (28 d), medium pH remained stable (7.33–7.43); mass loss and early Ca²⁺ depletion increased with β-TCP content, consistent with more extensive surface apatite formation in β-TCP-rich scaffolds. Collectively, these data are consistent with a composition-dependent sequence—β-TCP content → densification/porosity → strength → degradation/apatite kinetics—within the tested conditions and inform parameter-based tuning of BCP scaffolds for non-load-bearing indications (e.g., alveolar ridge preservation, craniofacial void filling). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Bone Implant and Regeneration)

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23 pages, 7319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion-Modulating Effect of Pharmaceutical Agents in a Hybrid Coating System on Pure Magnesium

by Lara Moreno, Adrián Belarra-Rodriguez, Marta Mohedano, Laura Castro, Margarita Chevalier, Raul Arrabal and Endzhe Matykina

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110406 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

There is a knowledge gap about the effect of pharmaceutical agents on the biodegradation of Mg-based resorbable implants. The present work investigates how three common antibiotics and three anti-inflammatory drugs affect the corrosion of high-purity Mg, with and without ceramic and hybrid ceramic/polymeric [...] Read more.

There is a knowledge gap about the effect of pharmaceutical agents on the biodegradation of Mg-based resorbable implants. The present work investigates how three common antibiotics and three anti-inflammatory drugs affect the corrosion of high-purity Mg, with and without ceramic and hybrid ceramic/polymeric coatings, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and hydrogen evolution tests. A Ca-P-Si-based ceramic coating is developed using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), after the AC voltage and frequency parameters are optimized. A hybrid coating included a PEO and a poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) top layer formed by dip coating. High-purity Mg exhibited an instantaneous onset of corrosion with a corrosion rate of 90 μm/year after 24 h of immersion in a modified α-MEM. A hybrid PEO/PCL coating prevents the onset of corrosion for at least 5 h and reduces the H₂ evolution during the following 90 h by two times by the precipitation of 5–40 μm thick Ca-P surface deposits. Gentamicin, naproxen, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin and paracetamol were found to be corrosion accelerators with respect to bare h.p. Mg, whereas aspirin was found to be an inhibitor. Streptomycin-functionalized PEO/PCL system exhibited an active protection mechanism, triggered upon the release of the coating and substrate cations, associated with the coating defect-blocking action of the insoluble Me(II)-streptomycin chelates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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25 pages, 7146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biopolymer Fibers of High Strength and Enhanced Orientation by the Synergy of High/Low Molecular Weight Chitosans in Hybrid Biomaterials Processed by Gel Spinning

by Tuan Anh Tran, Ingo Doench, Arnaud Kamdem Tamo, Shaghayegh Jahangir, Sofia Marquez-Bravo, Pamela Molina, Martin Helmstaedter, Aliuska Morales Helguera, Christian Gorzelanny and Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110405 - 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

High-performance spun bionanocomposite fibers, composed of high-molecular-weight chitosan (HMW), low-molecular-weight chitosan “oligomers” (LMW), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), were successfully fabricated via gel spinning of viscous aqueous chitosan (CHI) based formulations into a NaOH coagulation bath. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the [...] Read more.

High-performance spun bionanocomposite fibers, composed of high-molecular-weight chitosan (HMW), low-molecular-weight chitosan “oligomers” (LMW), and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), were successfully fabricated via gel spinning of viscous aqueous chitosan (CHI) based formulations into a NaOH coagulation bath. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the incorporation of cellulose nanofibers contributed to enhance crystallinity of chitosan in spun fibers. The spinning process, which comprised sequential acidic solubilization, basic neutralization, stretching, and drying steps, produced chitosan/CNF composite fibers with high crystallinity, further enhanced by the incorporation of low molecular weight chitosan. The cellulose nanofibers seem to promote CHI crystallization, by acting as nucleation sites for the nucleation and growth of chitosan crystals, with those latter of LMW further enhancing crystallization and orientation due to higher mobility of shorter polymer chains. Two-dimensional XRD patterns demonstrated the preferential alignment of both CNFs and chitosan crystals along the fiber axis. Increasing the proportion of short-chain chitosan led to a reduction of the viscosity of collodion, facilitating the spinning of solutions with higher polymer concentrations. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the addition of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMW), with an intermediate molecular weight Mw of ~4.4 × 10⁴ g/mol, produced the most significant improvements in the crystallinity index (CrI) and orientation. This structural enhancement corresponded to superior mechanical properties like Young’s modulus, yield stress σ_y, and stress-at-break σ_b of the processed composite fibers. By incorporating that intermediate molecular weight chitosan, a Young’s modulus as high as 20 GPa was achieved for the spun composite fibers, which was twice higher than the modulus of around 10 GPa obtained by adding the lowest molecular weight chitosan of Mw ~ 2.9 × 10⁴ g/mol in the composite, and largely above the modulus of around 5 GPa obtained for fiber just spun with chitosan without incorporation of cellulose nanofibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

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16 pages, 2580 KB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Versus Bioabsorbable Magnesium Headless Compression Screw Fixation for Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy

by Mehmet Baris Ertan, Oguzhan Uslu, Firat Dogruoz, Omer Faruk Celik and Ozkan Kose

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110404 - 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) fixed with either bioabsorbable magnesium (Mg) or titanium (Ti) headless compression screws, particularly focusing on the need for implant removal. Materials and Methods: 29 patients [...] Read more.

Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) fixed with either bioabsorbable magnesium (Mg) or titanium (Ti) headless compression screws, particularly focusing on the need for implant removal. Materials and Methods: 29 patients (19 Ti, 10 Mg screws) who underwent TTO between 2013 and 2023 were included. The primary outcome was implant removal; secondary outcomes included Kujala and Lysholm scores, complication rates, and radiographic union. Rehabilitation protocols were standardized, but early weight-bearing was delayed in the Mg group to mitigate potential implant degradation effects. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in Kujala and Lysholm Knee scores postoperatively, with no statistically significant differences between the groups. No cases of implant removal, fixation failure, nonunion, or significant range of motion loss were observed. Radiographically, persistent remnants of Mg screws were detected even after more than five years, raising concerns about incomplete bioabsorption. The Ti screws maintained mechanical stability without evidence of loss of fixation or the need for revision. Patient satisfaction and cosmetic outcomes were similar. Conclusion: The use of bioabsorbable Mg screws in TTO did not confer additional clinical or radiological benefits compared to headless Ti screws. Given the higher cost, the incomplete resorption observed at long-term follow-up, and the absence of an implant removal requirement in either group, the routine use of Mg screws cannot be recommended. Ti headless compression screws offer a cost-effective, reliable fixation method, achieving stable osteotomy healing without the need for secondary surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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31 pages, 3096 KB

Open AccessReview

Implications of Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair and Regeneration

by Dana Ivanisova, Katarina Bevizova, Sara Vach Agocsova, Lubos Danisovic and Martina Culenova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110403 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tendon injuries affect millions of people globally and are among the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions, frequently resulting in chronic pain, reduced mobility, and functional impairment. While conservative and surgical treatments are available, limitations such as low healing capacity, scar formation, and reduced biomechanics [...] Read more.

Tendon injuries affect millions of people globally and are among the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions, frequently resulting in chronic pain, reduced mobility, and functional impairment. While conservative and surgical treatments are available, limitations such as low healing capacity, scar formation, and reduced biomechanics necessitate alternative approaches. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution by combining cells, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules to regenerate tendon tissue. This review presents key concepts and emerging trends, highlighting the cellular components, scaffold materials, and manufacturing processes. Tenocytes and mesenchymal stem cells are fundamental for tissue regeneration, as they synthesize extracellular matrix components and regulate inflammatory responses. Various natural and synthetic polymers have been fabricated into scaffolds that mimic the structure and biomechanics of natural tendons. Composite and hybrid scaffolds are utilized to improve the biocompatibility of natural materials with the mechanical stability of synthetic materials. Advanced technologies, such as electrospinning, freeze-drying, and 3D bioprinting, enable the creation of scaffolds with defined architecture and functional gradients, improving cell alignment, differentiation, and tendon–bone integration. Although promising preclinical data exists, major challenges remain in translating these strategies clinically, particularly vascularization, immune rejection, and mechanical stability. Continued interdisciplinary attempts in biomaterials science, cellular biology, and engineering are crucial to advancing clinically viable tendon tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Techniques for Bone Tissue Engineering: From Scaffolds to Complex Matrices)

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17 pages, 1803 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a New Experimental Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Endodontic Sealer

by Fabiola Cardoso Maldonado, Cesar Gaitan Fonseca, Carlos Bermudez Jimenez, Luis Alejandro Aguilera Galaviz, Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro, Lorena Troncoso Vazquez and Martha Eugenia Reyes Ortiz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110402 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Successful root canal treatment depends on adequate obturation with biocompatible and non-cytotoxic materials. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo biological characteristics of an experimental polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based endodontic sealer and compared it with Silco^® and Sealapex^® cement. Human dermal [...] Read more.

Successful root canal treatment depends on adequate obturation with biocompatible and non-cytotoxic materials. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo biological characteristics of an experimental polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based endodontic sealer and compared it with Silco^® and Sealapex^® cement. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were exposed to polydimethylsiloxane-based sealer eluates, Silco^® and Sealapex^®, at concentrations of 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:1, and undiluted eluate (1×) for 24, 48, and 72 h, and they were subcutaneously implanted in Wistar rats for 15, 30, and 45 days. Cell viability exceeded 90% at 24–48 h and remained at 85% at the highest concentration after 72 h. Sealapex^® showed approximately 85% viability at 24 h, over 70% at 48 h, and remained below the cytotoxicity threshold at 72 h. Silco^® showed a marked reduction, with values approaching 50% at 24 h. At 48 and 73 h, Silco^® showed a significant reduction in cell viability. Histological analysis revealed only mild acute and chronic inflammation, with no statistically significant differences over time. These results indicate that the experimental sealant demonstrates favorable biological properties suitable for further clinical evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Endodontic Biomaterials)

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31 pages, 12238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Micropatterning and Nanodropletting of Titanium by Shifted Surface Laser Texturing Significantly Enhances In Vitro Osteogenesis of Healthy and Osteoporotic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

by Theresia Stich, Francisca Alagboso, Girish Pattappa, Jin Chu, Denys Moskal, Michal Povolný, Maximilian Saller, Veronika Schönitzer, Konstantin J. Scholz, Fabian Cieplik, Volker Alt, Maximilian Rudert, Tomáš Kovářík, Tomáš Křenek and Denitsa Docheva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110401 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The key to proper implant integration in bone replacement is to orchestrate the complex interactions between materials and tissues. Moreover, due to the rapid demographic shift towards aging societies and the increase in elderly and osteoporotic patients, it is of great importance that [...] Read more.

The key to proper implant integration in bone replacement is to orchestrate the complex interactions between materials and tissues. Moreover, due to the rapid demographic shift towards aging societies and the increase in elderly and osteoporotic patients, it is of great importance that implant materials are osteointegrative in not only healthy but also compromised bone tissues. Here, titanium (Ti) scaffolds were subjected to shifted laser surface texturing (sLST) using a nanosecond pulsed laser to create an open pore macrotopography with micro-and nano-Ti droplets. In contrast to conventional laser texturing, which leads to high heat accumulation; in sLST, the frequency of laser pulses is low, allowing for resolidification, thereby creating a surface with abundant coverage micro-/nanodroplets. The main objective was to compare the cellular responses of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) on sLST-textured Ti surfaces (LT-Ti) for the first time with standard sand-blasted, acid-etched surfaces (SLA-Ti). In-depth analyses of cell survival, proliferation, shape, mineralization, and gene expression were performed. Cell survival/proliferation was found to be similar on both surfaces; however, SEM imaging revealed differences in hMSC morphology. On LT-Ti, cells adopted well-rounded shapes, whereas on SLA-Ti they assumed more planar shapes. Bulk RNA sequencing performed after short-term culture on both surfaces disclosed expression changes in genes such as DUSP6, TNFSF12-TNFSF13 and SULT1A4. Remarkably, the osteogenic differentiation capacity of hMSCs was significantly enhanced on LT-Ti compared to SLA-Ti. Furthermore, aged/osteoporotic donor cohorts showed significantly enhanced matrix mineralization on LT-Ti. In conclusion, our novel results demonstrate that sLST-Ti surfaces are safe, highly biocompatible, can rescue patient-cohort-specific mineralization behavior, and therefore hold great potential for the development into next-generation implants, which are suitable for both the elderly and bone-compromised populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 4496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Machining, Polishing, and Glazing on Surface Properties and Biological Performance of Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Dental Ceramics

by Youngchae Cho, Min-Gu Cho, Jeong-Hyun Ryu, Ji-Yeong Kim, Sung-Hwan Choi, Hyungjoon Shim, Min-Ho Hong and Deuk Yong Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110400 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Surface treatments play a crucial role in modifying the surface properties and biological performance of dental ceramics. This study investigated the effects of surface conditions on the wettability, cytocompatibility, and bacterial resistance of 4 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal [...] Read more.

Surface treatments play a crucial role in modifying the surface properties and biological performance of dental ceramics. This study investigated the effects of surface conditions on the wettability, cytocompatibility, and bacterial resistance of 4 mol% Y₂O₃-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (4Y–TZP) and two lithium disilicate (Li₂Si₂O₅) glass ceramics (Amber^® Mill (AM) and Amber^® Mill Abut-Crown (AC)). Human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) responses and biofilm formation on the machined, polished, and glazed samples were evaluated. The polished 4Y–TZP sample exhibited the highest water contact angle (WCA; 71.3°), while that of the AC samples decreased as the sample was machined (58.4°), polished (46.8°), and glazed (14.0°). The wettability, cytocompatibility, and bacterial resistance of the dental ceramics were significantly influenced by material type and surface condition. Among the surface-treated samples, the glazed specimens exhibited the lowest WCA and bulk density; thus, wettability is an important factor for cell proliferation and bacterial resistance. Among all samples, HGF-1 cells adhered well to the glazed ceramics and significantly proliferated over time. Particularly, the 4Y–TZP and AC glazed samples exhibited the lowest biomass and strong resistance to biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion. Thus, the glaze dramatically affected HGF-1 cell growth and antibiofilm formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Dental Restorative Materials)

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21 pages, 3350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Peptide-Based Biohybrid for Targeted Reduction of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma-Associated Osteolysis

by Nicole Stadler, Bingjie Gao, Maria Jose Silva, Joscha Borho, Eva Haunschild, Kaloian Koynov, Melanie Haffner-Luntzer, Anita Ignatius, Gilbert Weidinger, Seah Ling Kuan, Tanja Weil and Holger Barth

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110399 - 25 Oct 2025

Abstract

Metastatic breast carcinoma (BC) cells are prone to spreading in the bone microenvironment, leading to a vicious cycle between local osteoclast-mediated osteolysis and tumor progression. Therefore, the targeted pharmacological down-modulation of BC cell proliferation as well as osteoclast differentiation and hyperactivity might represent [...] Read more.

Metastatic breast carcinoma (BC) cells are prone to spreading in the bone microenvironment, leading to a vicious cycle between local osteoclast-mediated osteolysis and tumor progression. Therefore, the targeted pharmacological down-modulation of BC cell proliferation as well as osteoclast differentiation and hyperactivity might represent a promising treatment option. We developed a multifunctional peptide nanocarrier combining bioactive EPI-X4 peptides and the Rho-inhibiting C3bot enzyme from Clostridium botulinum. C3bot is preferentially internalized into the cytosol of monocytic cells, including osteoclasts, where it inhibits Rho-mediated signal transduction. However, Rho-mediated cellular processes like migration and cell division can also be inhibited in non-monocytic cells if C3bot is delivered into their cytosol by a nanocarrier. To accomplish this, we designed a supramolecular transporter where one molecule of biotinylated C3bot and three biotinylated entities of the human EPI-X4 peptide-derived CXCR4 antagonist JM173 are assembled on avidin as a central platform. This modular transport system (JM173)₃-Avi-C3 down-modulated osteoclast formation and hyperactivity and delivered the therapeutic cargo C3bot successfully into the cytosol of breast cancer cells, where it inhibited Rho. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials in Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 1128 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Different Biomaterials Extracted from Autologous Blood on the Cell Migration of Stem Cells from Dental Pulp

by Janet N. Kirilova, Rositsa Z. Vladova, Viktoria P. Petrova, Sevda Yantcheva, Elitsa G. Deliverska and Nikolay D. Ishkitiev

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110398 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different types of platelet concentrates (autologous blood biomaterials) on the migration potential of human dental pulp stem (hDPSCs). Materials and Methods: Our team created a model of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Various [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effect of different types of platelet concentrates (autologous blood biomaterials) on the migration potential of human dental pulp stem (hDPSCs). Materials and Methods: Our team created a model of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Various types of AB biomaterials were produced from blood samples from volunteers using the protocols presented: A-PRF+, Gel A-PRF+, and Solid PRF. The scratch wound healing assay was used to examine the closure of the experimental wounds on day 1 and day 14. The wound areas were quantified using Image J software. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests, as the data did not follow a normal distribution, which was confirmed by the Shapiro–Wilk test (p < 0.05). Results: The results demonstrate significantly faster closure of the experimental wounds on day 14 of the studied biomaterials AB: A-PRF+, Gel A-PRF+, and Solid PRF compared to the control group of cells. Gel A-PRF+ exhibited the most pronounced stimulatory effect on cell migration (p = 0.0036 vs. control), followed by Solid PRF and A-PRF+. Conclusions: The results indicate that autologous blood platelet concentrates stimulate the migration of hDPSCs in vitro. Gel A-PRF+ demonstrated the strongest effect, underscoring its potential clinical relevance for applications in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applied in Dental Sciences)

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18 pages, 3261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Response of Osteoblasts to Zirconia Manufactured via FFF, DLP, and Milling

by Christoph J. Roser, Ralf Erber, Andreas Zenthöfer, Stefan Rues, Christopher J. Lux, Dorit Nötzel, Ralf Eickhoff and Thomas Hanemann

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110397 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Zirconia (ZrO₂) is increasingly used in dental implantology due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical and biological properties. While subtractive and stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques are well established, the application of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for zirconia-based dental implants [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Zirconia (ZrO₂) is increasingly used in dental implantology due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical and biological properties. While subtractive and stereolithographic additive manufacturing techniques are well established, the application of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for zirconia-based dental implants remains largely unexplored. (2) Methods: Cylindrical ZrO₂ specimens were fabricated using three different manufacturing techniques: milling (MIL), Digital Light Processing (DLP), and FFF. Surface topography was analyzed via white-light interferometry. Human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs 1.19) were cultured on the specimens to evaluate cell adhesion after 4 and 24 h, proliferation for 4 days, cell surface coverage after 4 and 24 h, and osteogenic gene expression (RUNX2, ALPL, and BGLAP) after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, and 14 days. (3) Results: The FFF samples exhibited significantly higher surface roughness than the MIL and DLP specimens. After 24 h, enhanced cell adhesion and the highest proliferation rates were observed on FFF surfaces. At 14 days, gene expression analysis revealed elevated expression of BGLAP on FFF surfaces, suggesting advanced osteogenic differentiation compared to MIL and DLP. (4) Conclusions: The inherent surface roughness of FFF-printed zirconia appears to promote osteogenic activity without additional surface treatment. These findings suggest that FFF may constitute a viable manufacturing method for the fabrication of customized zirconia components in dental implantology, warranting further investigations, particularly regarding their mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Design and Biomechanical Analysis of Dental Materials)

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7 pages, 204 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery

by Ryszard Uklejewski, Mariusz Winiecki and Mikołaj Dąbrowski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110396 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

One of the ultimate goals of bone and joint surgery is reconstruction via implantation of a device that replaces bone and/or joints affected by disease, traumatic damage, or deformity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)

24 pages, 4267 KB

Open AccessArticle

“Attractive” Treatment for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Magnetic Localization of Silk-Iron Packaged Extracellular Vesicles

by Ande X. Marini, Kiran J. McLoughlin, Amanda R. Pellegrino, Golnaz N. Tomaraei, Bo Li, John A. Curci, Mostafa Bedewy, Justin S. Weinbaum and David A. Vorp

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110395 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the distal aorta to a diameter of 50% or more of its normal size of about 2 cm. Risk of aortic rupture can be nearly eliminated with either open surgery or endovascular repair. Procedural risks [...] Read more.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the distal aorta to a diameter of 50% or more of its normal size of about 2 cm. Risk of aortic rupture can be nearly eliminated with either open surgery or endovascular repair. Procedural risks limit the value of these interventions unless the diameter of the aneurysm has reached a critical threshold (established as 5.5 cm in men or 5.0 cm in women). Thus, patients are monitored until this threshold is reached. Approximately 80% of small AAA will grow and exceed the threshold, providing a therapeutic window for altering this natural history and reducing the risk of rupture. Previous work in our lab has utilized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) to treat AAA in vivo, preserving elastic fibers and slowing aneurysm expansion. This work sought to create a delivery system for therapeutic extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) secreted by ASCs. Our delivery system incorporated the biocompatibility of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF), the magnetic moveability of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), and the regenerative nature of ASC-EVs to create silk-iron packaged extracellular vesicles (SIPEs). Using this system, we tested the ability to magnetically localize the SIPEs and release their encapsulated ASC-EVs to exert their regenerative effects in vitro. We were successful in magnetically localizing the SIPEs in vitro and silk-iron microparticles (SIMPs) in vivo and in detecting their releasates via flow cytometry and cellular uptake assays. However, while their releasates were detected, their biological effects were diminished compared to unencapsulated controls. Thus, additional optimization related to loading efficiency is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Advances)

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14 pages, 1264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cusp Coverage Design and Hybrid Resin–Ceramic Materials on the Biomechanical Performance of Partial Coverage Restorations

by Abdullah Alshehri

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110394 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Restoration of structurally compromised teeth often requires cusp coverage, yet the influence of preparation design and material type on performance remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of cusp coverage design and hybrid resin–ceramic material on the marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of [...] Read more.

Restoration of structurally compromised teeth often requires cusp coverage, yet the influence of preparation design and material type on performance remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of cusp coverage design and hybrid resin–ceramic material on the marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of partial coverage restorations in mandibular molars. Eighty extracted teeth were prepared for indirect restorations and allocated to four groups (n = 20) according to design, either functional cusp coverage (FC) or complete cusp coverage (CC) and material, either GC Cerasmart (CS) or VITA Enamic (EN). Restorations were bonded with dual-cure resin cement, thermocycled, and subjected to cyclic loading. Fracture load, marginal adaptation, and failure mode were evaluated (α = 0.05). CC-CS and CC-EN exhibited significantly higher fracture loads than FC-CS and FC-EN (p < 0.001), while no difference was found between materials within each design. For marginal adaptation, CS showed significantly greater marginal gaps than EN in both designs (p < 0.001). CC designs demonstrated a higher proportion of repairable failures (Type I and II), whereas EN showed more catastrophic fractures. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, cusp coverage design significantly affected fracture resistance, while material type primarily influenced marginal adaptation. Both hybrid resin–ceramics provided acceptable mechanical performance for partial coverage restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 81766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Biomechanical Analysis of the Bone-to-Implant Connection in Single-Piece Implants

by Karina Krawiec, Adam Kurzawa, Jakub J. Słowiński, Calin Romulus Fodor and Łukasz Pałka

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100393 - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The mechanical properties of dental implants are critical for their durability. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum force required to induce full pull-out of a titanium implant from the bone and to characterize the mechanical behavior during this process. [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of dental implants are critical for their durability. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum force required to induce full pull-out of a titanium implant from the bone and to characterize the mechanical behavior during this process. First, pull-out tests were performed on monolithic implants embedded in bovine ribs and foam blocks that mimic the mechanical parameters of human bone, allowing a quantitative evaluation of implant–bone interface strength and a comparison of geometric variants. Second, the extraction process was recreated in a three dimensional finite element model incorporating nonlinear interface contact and parameterization, enabling the reproduction of load–displacement curves; the results obtained showed good agreement with the experiment. Third, the fracture surfaces were observed macroscopically and by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results demonstrated significant distinctions in the forces required to extract implants with varying thread geometries, clearly indicating the impact of implant design on their mechanical stability. The presented FEM-based methodology provides a reliable tool to study mechanical interactions at the implant–bone interface. The findings obtained can improve our understanding of implant behavior in biological systems and provide a basis for further optimization of their design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry (2nd Edition))

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19 pages, 8122 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Characterization of 3D-Printed, Sintered Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Obtained by Fused Filament Fabrication: An In Vitro Study

by Eddy Shan, Cristina Chamorro, Ana Ferrández-Montero, Rosa M. Martin-Rodriguez, Leire Virto, María José Marín, Begoña Ferrari, Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Elena Figuero and Mariano Sanz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100392 - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell [...] Read more.

This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell proliferation and cytotoxicity via WST-1 tetrazolium assay; relative osteogenic gene expression through reverse-transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein synthesis via multiplex immunoassay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results confirmed high cell viability and uniform distribution on HAsint scaffolds. Proliferation increased significantly over 7 days, though direct cytotoxicity also increased, likely due to the static conditions of the experiment and, subsequently, the high ion reprecipitation from scaffold degradation. Importantly, HAsint scaffolds significantly enhanced osteogenic marker expression of phosphatase alkaline (ALPL), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) genes, and elevated concentrations of interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 compared to plate-adherent controls. It can be concluded that 3D-printed HAsint scaffolds support robust osteogenic differentiation and proliferation despite inducing a transient cytotoxic response in vitro. The marked upregulation of key osteogenic genes and proteins confirms the scaffolds’ bioactivity and highlights their potential for bone tissue engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 11033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strength–Ductility Synergy in Biodegradable Mg-Rare Earth Alloy Processed via Multi-Directional Forging

by Faseeulla Khan Mohammad, Uzwalkiran Rokkala, Sohail M. A. K. Mohammed, Hussain Altammar, Syed Quadir Moinuddin and Raffi Mohammed

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100391 - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, a biodegradable Mg-Zn-Nd-Gd alloy was processed via multi-directional forging (MDF) to evaluate its microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of grain size and texture on mechanical strength and [...] Read more.

In this study, a biodegradable Mg-Zn-Nd-Gd alloy was processed via multi-directional forging (MDF) to evaluate its microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of grain size and texture on mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The average grain size decreased significantly from 118 ± 5 μm in the homogenized state to 30 ± 10 μm after six MDF passes, primarily driven by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). Remarkably, this magnesium (Mg) alloy exhibited a rare synergistic enhancement in both strength and ductility, with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increasing by ~59%, yield strength (YS) by ~90%, while elongation improved by ~44% unlike conventional severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques that often sacrifice ductility for strength. This improvement is attributed to grain refinement, dispersion strengthening from finely distributed Mg₁₂Nd and Mg₇Zn₃ precipitates, and texture weakening, which facilitated the activation of non-basal slip systems. Despite the mechanical improvements, electrochemical corrosion testing in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37 °C revealed an increased corrosion rate from 0.1165 mm/yr in homogenized condition to 0.2499 mm/yr (after six passes of MDF. This was due to the higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), weak basal texture, and the presence of electrochemically active fine Mg₇Zn₃ particles. However, the corrosion rate remained within the acceptable range for bioresorbable implant applications, indicating a favorable trade-off between mechanical performance and degradation behavior. These findings demonstrate that MDF processing effectively enhances the strength–ductility synergy of Mg-rare earth alloys while maintaining a clinically acceptable degradation rate, thereby presenting a promising route for next-generation biomedical implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))

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25 pages, 6444 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developments and Assessments of Crude Tea Saponin-Incorporated Silica Nanoparticles for Their Bioactivity Improvement

by Tanrada Likitsatian, Pimpisid Koonyosying, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Patcharawan Srisilapanan, Somdet Srichairatanakool and Jetsada Ruangsuriya

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100390 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The use of saponins with biosurfactant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties is limited by their toxicity and bioavailability. This study focused on the fabrication, characterization, and bioactivity of crude tea saponin (TS) and TS-incorporated silica nanoparticles (TSNPs). Our results showed that TS contained [...] Read more.

The use of saponins with biosurfactant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties is limited by their toxicity and bioavailability. This study focused on the fabrication, characterization, and bioactivity of crude tea saponin (TS) and TS-incorporated silica nanoparticles (TSNPs). Our results showed that TS contained seven saponins and that TSNPs had an average diameter of 200–300 nm, a negative surface charge, and high polydispersity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed an incorporation bond of Si-O- and -OH controlling releasing behavior with t₅₀ = 24 h. Using HaCaT cells, it was demonstrated that TSNPs reduced cytotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was lowered in both TS and TSNP treatments, with significantly greater efficacy at higher concentrations. Additionally, TSNPs significantly accelerated cell migration in the wound closure model as efficiently as TGFβ. Together, these findings offer promising TSNPs for biomedical applications and therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity protection, and wound closure acceleration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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