Infrastructures

21 pages, 5388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience-Oriented Extension of the RAMSSHEEP Framework to Address Natural Hazards Through Nature-Based Solutions: Insights from an Alpine Infrastructure Study

by Sérgio Fernandes, Erik Kuschel, Michael Obriejetan, Rosemarie Stangl, Johannes Hübl, Florentina D. Ionescu, Agnieszka Bigaj-van Vliet, José Matos and Alfred Strauss

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010035 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, placing additional stress on critical infrastructure systems. Addressing these challenges requires both robust evaluation frameworks and the inclusion of Nature-Based Solutions (NbSs) alongside conventional protection measures. Building on the RAMSSHEEP concept, originally [...] Read more.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, placing additional stress on critical infrastructure systems. Addressing these challenges requires both robust evaluation frameworks and the inclusion of Nature-Based Solutions (NbSs) alongside conventional protection measures. Building on the RAMSSHEEP concept, originally proposed for risk-driven maintenance, and later further developed and applied in, e.g., previous Horizon projects and COST Action TU1406, this study integrates natural hazard considerations and NbS risk mitigation measures into a comprehensive approach to evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructure. The novel methodology involves a structured expert elicitation process with participants from the Horizon NATURE-DEMO project, to adapt and extend the RAMSSHEEP framework for resilience-oriented transformation. This also includes alignment with established hazard and risk assessment systems to ensure methodological consistency and applicability of the final concept. The resulting framework enables systematic evaluation of infrastructure vulnerability and resilience, explicitly accounting for natural hazards and the contribution of NbSs to risk mitigation. The expected outcome is an objective, repeatable assessment methodology that supports decision-makers in planning, prioritizing, and monitoring resilience-enhancing measures across the infrastructure life cycle. A particular focus of this contribution lies in the methodological approach, ensuring its applicability within interdisciplinary and multi-level decision-making contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions and Resilience of Infrastructure Systems)

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21 pages, 14418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Bending and Torsional Effects in Walking-Induced Infrastructure Vibrations: The Pasternak Footbridge

by Ghita Eslami Varzaneh, Elisa Bassoli, Federico Ponsi and Loris Vincenzi

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010034 (registering DOI) - 21 Jan 2026

Abstract

Slender, lightweight and modern footbridges are particularly susceptible to vibrations induced by pedestrian activity. While extensive research has focused on vertical and lateral forces produced by walking, torsional moments generated by eccentrically walking pedestrians remain largely overlooked. Traditional assessments typically neglect these torsional [...] Read more.

Slender, lightweight and modern footbridges are particularly susceptible to vibrations induced by pedestrian activity. While extensive research has focused on vertical and lateral forces produced by walking, torsional moments generated by eccentrically walking pedestrians remain largely overlooked. Traditional assessments typically neglect these torsional effects, which can be critical when eccentric pedestrian loading excites torsional modes, especially in footbridges with asymmetric geometries. To address this, the paper considers the coupling between bending and torsional effects in both the pedestrian action and structure reaction, including pedestrian forces and moments, as well as bending-induced deflections and torsion-induced rotations of the cross-sections. A simplified method is also presented, allowing standard bending-only analyses to be easily adapted to include torsional effects using analytically derived correction factors. For validation, several experimental tests are conducted on an asymmetric curved footbridge located in Modena, Italy, characterised by coupled bending-torsional vertical modes and hosting different pedestrian densities, pacing frequencies, and crowd distributions (both uniform and eccentric). Experimental and numerical analyses demonstrate that neglecting torsional effects oversimplifies the assessment, highlighting the importance of accounting for bending-torsion coupling for the serviceability of asymmetric footbridges under eccentric near-resonance loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bridge Engineering: Structures, Monitoring, and AI Technologies)

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41 pages, 5074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Characterization of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Towards Implementation of MEPDG in the UAE

by Soughah Al-Samahi, Waleed Zeiada, Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb, Anas Cherkaoui and Helal Ezzat

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010033 - 20 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive material characterization program to develop the database inputs required for implementing the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Five asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures were evaluated, including two conventional penetration-grade binders (PEN 40/50 and [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive material characterization program to develop the database inputs required for implementing the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Five asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures were evaluated, including two conventional penetration-grade binders (PEN 40/50 and PEN 60/70) and three SBS-modified binders (PG70E–0, PG76E–10, and PG82E–22). The experimental program followed AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design requirements and included asphalt binder testing (penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, DSR, and BBR) and AC mixture testing (dynamic modulus, flow number, axial fatigue, and indirect tensile strength). The results showed that SBS-modified binders and mixtures, particularly PG70E–10 and PG82E–22, exhibited improved rheological behavior, reduced permanent deformation, and enhanced fatigue resistance, while PG76E–10 demonstrated intermediate performance, highlighting the influence of polymer formulation and mixture structure. Pavement ME simulations indicated that Level 1 material inputs preserved laboratory-observed performance trends, resulting in lower predicted rutting, fatigue cracking, and International Roughness Index (IRI). In contrast, Level 3 inputs masked material-specific behavior and, in some cases, altered mixture performance rankings. These findings emphasize the necessity of mixture-level testing and Level 1 inputs for reliable mechanistic–empirical pavement design under UAE climatic and traffic conditions. Full article

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27 pages, 1101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on and Application of a Low-Carbon Assessment Model for Railway Bridges During the Construction Phase Based on the ANP-Fuzzy Method

by Bo Zhao, Bangyan Guo, Dan Ye, Mingzhu Xiu and Jingjing Wang

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010032 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and China’s “dual-carbon” goals, carbon emissions from the construction phase of transportation infrastructure, particularly the rapidly expanding railway network, have garnered significant attention. However, systematic research and general evaluation models targeting the factors influencing carbon emissions [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global climate change and China’s “dual-carbon” goals, carbon emissions from the construction phase of transportation infrastructure, particularly the rapidly expanding railway network, have garnered significant attention. However, systematic research and general evaluation models targeting the factors influencing carbon emissions during the railway bridge construction phase remain insufficient. To address this gap, this study presents a novel low-carbon evaluation model that integrates the analytic network process (ANP) and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method. First, a carbon accounting model covering four stages—material production, transportation, construction, and maintenance—is established based on life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, providing a data foundation. Second, an innovative low-carbon evaluation index system for railway bridges, comprising 5 criterion layers and 23 indicator layers, is constructed. The ANP method is employed to calculate weights, effectively capturing the interdependencies among indicators, while the FCE method handles assessment ambiguities, forming a comprehensive evaluation framework. A case study of the bridge demonstrates the model’s effectiveness, yielding an evaluation score of 82.38 (“excellent” grade), which is consistent with expert judgement. The ranking of indicator weights from the model is highly consistent with the actual carbon emission inventory ranking (Spearman coefficient of 0.714). Key indicators—C21 (use of high-performance materials), C22 (concrete consumption), and C25 (transportation energy consumption)—collectively account for approximately 60% of the total impact, accurately identifying the major emission sources. This research not only verifies the model’s efficacy in pinpointing critical carbon sources but also provides a scientific theoretical basis and practical tool for low-carbon decision-making and optimization in the planning and design stages of railway bridge projects. Full article

20 pages, 3406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Municipal Sewage Sludge Stabilization Using Vermifiltration

by Masoud Taheriyoun, Ahmad Ahamdi, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian and Moses Karakouzian

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010031 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sludge management is one of the most costly and technically challenging components of municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the need for sustainable and low-cost stabilization technologies. This study evaluated a pilot-scale vermifiltration system for municipal sewage sludge stabilization under varying hydraulic and organic loading [...] Read more.

Sludge management is one of the most costly and technically challenging components of municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the need for sustainable and low-cost stabilization technologies. This study evaluated a pilot-scale vermifiltration system for municipal sewage sludge stabilization under varying hydraulic and organic loading conditions. Three vermifilter pilots incorporating Eisenia andrei earthworms were operated using lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic media, and mineral pumice. The systems were tested at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 150, 300, and 450 L/m²·d. Performance was assessed using chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), VS/TS ratio, sludge volume index (SVI), and sludge dewaterability indicators, including specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and time to filtration (TTF). Optimal performance occurred at an HLR of 150 L/m²·d, achieving maximum reductions of 49% in COD, 30% in TS, and 40% in VS, along with an SVI reduction of up to 78%. Increasing HLR significantly reduced treatment efficiency due to shorter retention times and biofilm washout. A regression analysis showed the strongest association between COD removal and organic loading rate (R² = 0.63) under the coupled HLR–OLR conditions tested, while weaker correlations were observed for SVI and VS/TS. Dewaterability improved markedly after vermifiltration, particularly in the LECA-based system. Although filter media type did not significantly affect COD or SVI removal, pumice and plastic media provided greater hydraulic stability at higher loadings. These results demonstrate that vermifiltration is an effective and environmentally sustainable option for municipal sludge stabilization when operated under controlled hydraulic conditions. Full article

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17 pages, 4116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Mechanism, Performance Impact, and Maintenance Strategies for Expansion Devices of Large-Span Railway Bridges

by Yunchao Ye, Aiguo Yan, Pengcheng Yin, Jinbao Liang and Zhiqiang Zhu

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010030 - 19 Jan 2026

Abstract

To ensure the coordinated interaction between the beam and track of large-span bridges and achieve smooth rail transition at beam joints, rail expansion regulators and beam-end expansion devices are essential at bridge ends. However, these devices are structurally fragile, making them a weak [...] Read more.

To ensure the coordinated interaction between the beam and track of large-span bridges and achieve smooth rail transition at beam joints, rail expansion regulators and beam-end expansion devices are essential at bridge ends. However, these devices are structurally fragile, making them a weak link in the seamless track system. This study selected a long-span railway bridge and its expansion devices as research objects, summarized typical in-service diseases of beam-end expansion devices (e.g., adjustable sleeper offset, sleeper skewing, and expansion device jamming), and constructed a train–track–bridge coupled model incorporating these devices. The model was used to analyze the structural performance and train operation safety under defective conditions. Based on the analysis findings, a maintenance evaluation method for the beam-end region was proposed. Criteria include adjustable sleeper offset, lateral displacement difference between adjacent beam-ends, horizontal rotation angle of adjacent beams, vertical rotation angle of beam-ends, and longitudinal expansion amount of beam-end expansion devices in order to address the corresponding issues and achieve sustainable maintenance and operation of bridge structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bridge Engineering)

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24 pages, 7427 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Feature Reduction (FIRRE) Framework for Improving Artificial Neural Network Predictions in Civil Engineering Applications

by Yaohui Guo, Ling Xu, Xianyu Chen and Zifeng Zhao

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010029 - 16 Jan 2026

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are widely used in engineering prediction, but excessive input dimensionality can reduce both accuracy and efficiency. This study proposes a two-stage feature-reduction framework, Feature Importance Ranking and Redundancy Elimination (FIRRE), to optimize ANN inputs by removing weakly informative and [...] Read more.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are widely used in engineering prediction, but excessive input dimensionality can reduce both accuracy and efficiency. This study proposes a two-stage feature-reduction framework, Feature Importance Ranking and Redundancy Elimination (FIRRE), to optimize ANN inputs by removing weakly informative and redundant variables. In Stage 1, four complementary ranking methods, namely Pearson correlation, recursive feature elimination, random forest importance, and F-test scoring, are combined into an ensemble importance score. In Stage 2, highly collinear features (ρ > 0.95) are pruned while retaining the more informative variable in each pair. FIRRE is evaluated on 32 civil engineering datasets spanning materials, structural, and environmental applications, and benchmarked against Principal Component Analysis, variance-threshold filtering, random feature selection, and K-means clustering. Across the benchmark suite, FIRRE consistently achieves competitive or improved predictive performance while reducing input dimensionality by 40% on average and decreasing computation time by 10–60%. A dynamic modulus case study further demonstrates its practical value, improving R² from 0.926 to 0.966 while reducing inputs from 25 to 7. Overall, FIRRE provides a practical, robust framework for simplifying ANN inputs and improving efficiency in civil engineering prediction tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pavement Performance and Maintenance: Smart Technologies and Sustainable Practices)

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26 pages, 3565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of GGBFS and Fly Ash on Elevated Temperature Resistance of Pumice-Based Geopolymers

by Mohammed Shubaili

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010028 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The current study investigated the effects of geopolymer composites formulated from pumice dust partially replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The mixtures were evaluated for flowability, compressive [...] Read more.

The current study investigated the effects of geopolymer composites formulated from pumice dust partially replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The mixtures were evaluated for flowability, compressive strength (7, 28, and 56 days), density, and water absorption (28 and 56 days) at ambient temperatures. Moreover, compressive strength, mass loss, density, and water absorption were evaluated after exposure of the mixtures to elevated temperatures (250 °C, 500 °C, and 750 °C) at 28 days. All specimens were initially cured at 60 °C for 24 h, followed by storage under ambient laboratory conditions until testing. The inclusion of GGBFS into the mixtures decreased flowability, and the inclusion of FA resulted in its improvement. At ambient temperature, GGBFS-based mixtures, which were high in calcium content, exhibited substantially superior compressive strength and reduced absorption relative to FA-based mixtures due to the development of dense C-A-S-H gel networks. However, the compressive strength of FA-based mixtures considerably increased when exposed to a temperature of 250 °C. Moreover, at 750 °C, the FA-based mixtures showed superior residual strength (up to 18.1 MPa), lower mass loss, and reduced absorption, indicating enhanced thermal stability due to the dominance of thermally resistant N-A-S-H gels. X-ray diffraction results further supported these trends by showing the rapid deterioration of calcium-rich phases under heat and the comparative stability of aluminosilicate structures in FA-based systems. Overall, the inclusion of up to 40% GGBFS is beneficial for early strength and densification, whereas the incorporation of up to 40% FA improves durability and mechanical retention under high-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Construction Materials, Processes, and Automation Technologies)

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20 pages, 7496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behaviour of Shear Stress Distribution in Steel Sections Under Static and Dynamic Loads

by Alaa Al-Mosawe, Doha Al-Mosawe, Shahad A. Hamzah, Bahaa Al-Atta and Abbas A. Allawi

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010027 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Shear lag is the phenomenon that occurs when a supported slender member undergoes deformation from lateral loading, causing in-plane non-uniform distribution of stresses that results in reducing the member’s minimum strength capacity. This paper investigates the behaviour of shear distribution in steel I-section [...] Read more.

Shear lag is the phenomenon that occurs when a supported slender member undergoes deformation from lateral loading, causing in-plane non-uniform distribution of stresses that results in reducing the member’s minimum strength capacity. This paper investigates the behaviour of shear distribution in steel I-section and box girders when subjected to both static and impact loadings. Three-dimensional finite element analysis models were prepared in Strand7 and validated against experimental results providing a basis for further comparison research into shear lagging effects. A parametric study was conducted comparing the effects of impact loading through certain specified velocities at the midspan of restrained ends. It provided new insights into the distribution of shear lag and prevalence of loading locality when considering unique impact scenarios. Impact loads provided different shear-lag results compared to static loads as the material’s properties absorb energy through deformation and distribution of stress. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for additional investigation into a variety of impact scenarios and possible factors for designers to consider when implementing members in structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)

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35 pages, 7910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Blast-Induced Response and Damage Mitigation of Adjacent Tunnels: Influence of Geometry, Spacing, and Lining Composition

by Marwa Nabil, Mohamed Emara, Omar Gamal, Ayman El-Zohairy and Ahmed M. Abdelbaset

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010026 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit to simulate the effects of internal blasts. The numerical model was validated against two previously published numerical and experimental works, demonstrating strong agreement in deformation results. A parametric study [...] Read more.

In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit to simulate the effects of internal blasts. The numerical model was validated against two previously published numerical and experimental works, demonstrating strong agreement in deformation results. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of several key factors on the deformation of the receiver tunnel subjected to an explosion in the adjacent donor tunnel. The investigation considered critical variables such as lining material, tunnel inner diameter, cross-sectional shape, spacing between tunnels, and TNT charge weight. The results clearly indicate that expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, across various densities, demonstrates superior capacity for absorbing blast waves compared to polyurethane and aluminum foams. Furthermore, it was found that lower-density EPS foam provides enhanced mitigation of deformation in tunnel linings. The findings also revealed that damage to the tunnel walls is more strongly correlated with the tunnel shape where the circular tunnel exhibited the best performance. It showed the lowest deformation and delayed peak response. In addition, tunnel deformation increases markedly with higher TNT charge weights. A blast of 1814 kg produced approximately five times the deformation compared to a 454 kg charge. Moreover, it is seen that increasing the spacing between donor and receiver tunnels from 1.5 D to 2.5 D led to a 38.7% reduction in maximum deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Technologies for Sustainable and Resilient Underground Infrastructures)

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25 pages, 8488 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Localized Collapse to City-Wide Impact: Ensemble Machine Learning for Post-Earthquake Damage Classification

by Bilal Ein Larouzi and Yasin Fahjan

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010025 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Effective disaster management depends on rapidly understanding earthquake damage, yet traditional methods struggle to operate at scale and rely on expert inspections that become difficult when access is limited or time is critical. Satellite-based damage detection also faces limitations, particularly under adverse weather [...] Read more.

Effective disaster management depends on rapidly understanding earthquake damage, yet traditional methods struggle to operate at scale and rely on expert inspections that become difficult when access is limited or time is critical. Satellite-based damage detection also faces limitations, particularly under adverse weather conditions and delays associated with satellite overpass schedules. This study introduces a machine learning-based approach to assess post-earthquake building damage using real observations collected after the event. The aim is to develop fast and reliable estimation techniques that can be deployed immediately after the mainshock by integrating structural, seismic, and geographic data. Three machine learning models—Random Forest, Histogram Gradient Boosting, and Bagging Classifier—are evaluated across both reinforced concrete and masonry buildings and across multiple spatial levels, including building, district, and city scales. Damage is categorized using practical three-class (traffic light) and detailed four-class systems. The models generally perform better in simpler classifications, with the Bagging Classifier offering the most consistent results across different scales. Although detecting severely damaged buildings remains challenging in some cases, the three-class system proves especially effective for supporting rapid decision-making during emergency response. Overall, this study demonstrates how machine learning can provide faster, scalable, and practical earthquake damage assessments that benefit emergency teams and urban planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disaster Risk Management and Resilience)

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20 pages, 9393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Speed Monitoring Display (SMD) in a Very Short-Term Roadwork Zone

by Itziar Gurrutxaga, Miren Isasa, José Manuel Baraibar and Heriberto Pérez-Acebo

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010024 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Roadwork zones are high-risk environments where sudden geometric changes, narrowed lanes, and driver unfamiliarity frequently lead to inappropriate speeds. Ensuring safe vehicle speeds in roadwork zones remains a priority due to drivers’ limited perception of risk and frequent non-compliance with temporary limits. This [...] Read more.

Roadwork zones are high-risk environments where sudden geometric changes, narrowed lanes, and driver unfamiliarity frequently lead to inappropriate speeds. Ensuring safe vehicle speeds in roadwork zones remains a priority due to drivers’ limited perception of risk and frequent non-compliance with temporary limits. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a speed monitoring display (SMD) installed in a nighttime, four-day motorway roadwork site involving a temporary median crossing, where traffic was diverted through a single lane and a chicane-type re-entry. Speed data were collected at two points, 100 and 50 m before the median crossing, labelled as P1 and P2, respectively, during two phases: with standard work zone signage only (Phase 1) and with an SMD added (Phase 2). Results show statistically significant reductions in mean speed after SMD installation at both measurement points, including decreases of 7.09 km/h at P1 and 4.69 km/h at P2, with a greater reduction among heavy vehicles. The percentage of speeding vehicles fell from 95.4% to 81.9% upstream and from 63.4% to 35.7% near the chicane, indicating improved compliance in the most critical section (P2). These findings demonstrate that SMDs can effectively reduce speeds and variability even in very short-term work zones, supporting their integration as low-cost safety measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Effective and Intelligent Transport Infrastructure Monitoring)

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16 pages, 5421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solutions of Free Surface Evolution Within Originally Dry, Coarse-Grain-Sized Embankment Dam Materials

by Francesco Federico and Chiara Cesali

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010023 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Tightness of homogeneous embankment dams is often ensured by means of upstream water barriers, such as bituminous concrete facings, concrete slabs, shotcrete membranes, metallic sheets, geomembranes, and cement blankets. The stability analysis of these dams, especially in areas with high seismicity, must include [...] Read more.

Tightness of homogeneous embankment dams is often ensured by means of upstream water barriers, such as bituminous concrete facings, concrete slabs, shotcrete membranes, metallic sheets, geomembranes, and cement blankets. The stability analysis of these dams, especially in areas with high seismicity, must include the hydraulic and mechanical effects resulting from an extensive, sudden cracking of the impervious facing. To this purpose, in this paper, simple, original analytical solutions are proposed to estimate the position of the exit point on the downstream slope of the dam, the maximum height of the saturation front at the downstream face, and the time required for the saturation front to reach the downstream face. These variables generally depend on several factors, such as the geometry of the dam, homogeneity or heterogeneity, the permeability coefficient of the dam body materials, and resistance laws to describe the seepage flow. The high number of these factors requires the development of advanced 2D/3D FEM analyses, often computationally heavy and complex to implement. Although approximate, the proposed solutions may however allow us to define the role of the various factors and their interaction, to quickly deduce the main, preliminary design indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Life Through Dams)

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22 pages, 9119 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behaviour of Concrete-Filled End-Bearing Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Cohesionless Soils Using Shaking Table Test

by Aliu Abdul-Hamid and Mohammad Tofigh Rayhani

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010022 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluates the performance of single concrete-filled frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 1000 mm laminar [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the performance of single concrete-filled frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 1000 mm laminar shear box with 27 lamina rings was utilized in the study. FRP tubes manufactured from epoxy-saturated Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) fabrics were filled with 35 MPa concrete and allowed to cure for 28 days, serving as model piles for the experimental programme, with cylindrical concrete prisms employed to represent the behaviour of traditional piles. Pile dimensions and properties based on scaling relationships were selected to account for the nonlinear nature of soil–pile systems under seismic loading. Scaled versions of ground motions from the 2010 Val-des-Bois and 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nambu earthquakes were implemented as input motions in the tests. The results show limited variation in the inertial and kinematic responses of the piles, especially before liquefaction. Head rocking displacements were within 5% of each other during liquefaction. Post liquefaction, the concrete-filled FRP piles showed lower response compared to the traditional concrete pile. The results suggests that concrete-filled FRP piles, especially those made from carbon fibre, provide practical alternatives for use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Ultra High Performance Concrete (FRP-UHPC): Design, Performance, and Application)

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19 pages, 18746 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Safety Verification of a 100-Year-Old Masonry Arch Gravity Concrete Dam Using 3D Dynamic Analysis

by Naoki Iwata, Ryouji Kiyota, Hideaki Kawasaki and Masaharu Kurihara

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010021 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The Hisayamada Dam (22.5 m high, 75.4 m long), constructed in 1924 as a water supply facility, is a masonry arch–gravity concrete dam with a slender arch shape. Although it was the first theoretically designed arch-type dam in Japan, seismic forces were not [...] Read more.

The Hisayamada Dam (22.5 m high, 75.4 m long), constructed in 1924 as a water supply facility, is a masonry arch–gravity concrete dam with a slender arch shape. Although it was the first theoretically designed arch-type dam in Japan, seismic forces were not considered at the time of construction. This study evaluates its seismic performance using a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic Finite Element Method (FEM) in accordance with current Japanese governmental guidelines. A detailed 3D model incorporating the dam body, surrounding topography, foundation, and reservoir was developed, and expected earthquake motions in three directions were applied simultaneously. The analysis showed that localized tensile stress exceeding the tensile strength occurred near the upstream heel of the dam base. However, these stress concentrations were limited to small regions and did not form continuous damage paths across the dam body. Based on the linear dynamic analysis and engineering judgment, the overall structural integrity and water storage function of the dam are considered to be maintained. Additional analyses were conducted by varying the elastic modulus of the foundation rock and dam concrete to clarify the influence of material stiffness on seismic response and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Life Through Dams)

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25 pages, 3834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Variance in Runway Friction Measurements and Surface Life-Cycle: A Case Study of Four Australian Airports

by Gadel Baimukhametov and Greg White

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010020 - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Runway friction is a critical factor in aircraft safety, affecting braking performance during landing and take-off. This study evaluates friction measurement variability and runway life-cycle dynamics at four typical Australian airports, using GripTester data from calibration strips and operational runways. The results show [...] Read more.

Runway friction is a critical factor in aircraft safety, affecting braking performance during landing and take-off. This study evaluates friction measurement variability and runway life-cycle dynamics at four typical Australian airports, using GripTester data from calibration strips and operational runways. The results show that friction measurements are influenced by seasonal effects, random errors, and testing equipment tire wear, with greater variability at lower speed (65 km/h) than at higher speed (95 km/h). Analysis of runway friction decay indicates that friction reduction rates are higher in touchdown zones and decelerating rate gradually decrease as friction declines, while regular rubber removal significantly restores friction, sometimes exceeding post-construction levels. Current internationally recommended friction testing intervals may not adequately ensure safety, with a sufficient probability of friction dropping below maintenance planning levels between tests. Based on observed reduction rates, updated intervals of approximately 3000 to 4000 landings are proposed to achieve 90% confidence in maintaining safe friction levels. The findings provide practical guidance for friction management and maintenance scheduling as part of an optimized airport pavement management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pavement Performance and Maintenance: Smart Technologies and Sustainable Practices)

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28 pages, 10782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Root Causes of Wide Thermal Cracks in the Southwestern United States

by Saed N. A. Aker, Awais Zahid, Masih Beheshti and Hasan Ozer

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010019 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Wide thermal cracks are a common form of pavement distress affecting primary state and county highways, urban residential streets, and parking lots across the Southwest climatic regions. These cracks are primarily caused by thermal fatigue, driven by diurnal temperature variations despite the lack [...] Read more.

Wide thermal cracks are a common form of pavement distress affecting primary state and county highways, urban residential streets, and parking lots across the Southwest climatic regions. These cracks are primarily caused by thermal fatigue, driven by diurnal temperature variations despite the lack of extremely cold events. This research aims to identify and analyze the local factors contributing to the initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks. Field cores are collected from 12 sites exhibiting wide thermal cracks in the Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona to evaluate their volumetric properties and the degree of binder aging. Advanced finite element (FE) models were developed to examine the influence of pavement structures and local climatic conditions on the development of tensile stresses due to thermal fatigue. The FE analysis indicated a high magnitude of thermal stresses due to cyclic temperature variations in Arizona compared to colder regions in the United States. Based on the forensic investigation and analysis performed, the initiation of wide cracks was shown to be primarily due to repeated localized damage from frequent thermal fatigue events on severely aged pavements. This damage is exacerbated by low air voids in mineral aggregate, an insufficient effective binder volume. and excessive binder aging, which compromise the structural integrity of the pavement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pavement Engineering: Materials, Performance, and Sustainability)

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15 pages, 3981 KB

Open AccessArticle

It Is How You Build Them: Attractivity of Separated and Mixed-Use Cycling Infrastructure in Bologna Using Long-Term Time Series

by Giacomo Bernieri, Federico Rupi and Joerg Schweizer

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010018 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Implementing effective cycling mobility requires infrastructure that enhances safety and reduces travel time. A common metric for tracking progress is the total length of dedicated cycling infrastructure. However, this does not always correlate with increased cycling usage. For instance, in Italy (2008–2015), cycling [...] Read more.

Implementing effective cycling mobility requires infrastructure that enhances safety and reduces travel time. A common metric for tracking progress is the total length of dedicated cycling infrastructure. However, this does not always correlate with increased cycling usage. For instance, in Italy (2008–2015), cycling infrastructure grew by 48%, but ridership remained unchanged. Design quality and behavioral and contextual factors all influence this dynamic. This study analyzes a 16-year time series (2009–2024) of monthly cyclist flows surveys in Bologna, Italy. It focuses on flows, gender, and bike lane usage. It represents the most detailed and longest series of its kind in the country. The findings show a positive correlation between infrastructure growth (meters per inhabitant) and cyclist flows, though this weakened significantly after COVID-19 and the extensive introduction of non-exclusive bike lanes on mixed-use roads from 2020. Regression analyses reveal that new bike flows per new meter/inhabitant of infrastructure were 3 times greater before 2020. This study identifies two likely causes: the insufficient perceived safety of the newly introduced mixed-traffic lanes from 2020 and the lack of attractivity of cycling for the female population, as highlighted in the decreasing trend in the usage of bike infrastructure by female riders after 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Infrastructures for Urban Mobility, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2468 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Arcing Characteristics of the Pantograph–Catenary System in Electrical Sectioning Overlaps

by Like Pan, Xiaokang Wang, Yuan Yuan, Tong Xing and Liming Chen

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010017 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

Transient arcing often occurs as an electric locomotive traverses an electrical sectioning overlap (ESO), deteriorating current collection stability and reducing the durability of the pantograph–catenary (PC) system. In this study, the formation mechanism and electrical evolution characteristics of transient arcing in the ESO [...] Read more.

Transient arcing often occurs as an electric locomotive traverses an electrical sectioning overlap (ESO), deteriorating current collection stability and reducing the durability of the pantograph–catenary (PC) system. In this study, the formation mechanism and electrical evolution characteristics of transient arcing in the ESO region are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. First, based on the dynamic motion of the locomotive passing through the ESO, the transient arcing mechanism of the ESO is clarified, and the plasma characteristics of the arc are described. Then, the electromagnetic, airflow, and thermal field interactions within the PC contact gap during arc ignition are analyzed. A Multiphysics coupled PC arc model is developed, incorporating aerodynamic, electromagnetic, and heat transfer effects. Subsequently, finite element meshing and boundary conditions are applied to simulate the transient evolution of the ESO arc. Finally, the transient arcing characteristics of the ESO are analyzed. The results indicate that the current density is highly concentrated at the initial arcing stage and gradually forms an axially symmetric conductive channel (approximately 10⁷ A/m²), which shifts upward as the contact gap increases. Moreover, due to the geometric discontinuity of the ESO, a strong localized electric field develops near the wire edge, leading to arc root migration and reignition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Resilience of Railway Networks: Enhancing Safety and Robustness)

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