Atmosphere

24 pages, 6822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Typhoon Doksuri (2023) Forecasts via Radar Data Assimilation: Evaluation of Momentum Control Variable Schemes with Background-Dependent Hydrometeor Retrieval in WRF-3DVAR

by Xinyi Wang, Feifei Shen, Shen Wan, Jing Liu, Haiyan Fei, Changliang Shao, Song Yuan, Jiajun Chen and Xiaolin Yuan

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070797 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

This research investigates how incorporating both radar radial velocity (V_r) and radar reflectivity influences the accuracy of tropical cyclone (TC) prediction. Different control variables are introduced to analyze their roles in V_r data assimilation, while background-dependent radar reflectivity assimilation [...] Read more.

This research investigates how incorporating both radar radial velocity (V_r) and radar reflectivity influences the accuracy of tropical cyclone (TC) prediction. Different control variables are introduced to analyze their roles in V_r data assimilation, while background-dependent radar reflectivity assimilation methods are also applied. Using Typhoon “Doksuri” (2023) as a primary case study and Typhoon “Kompasu” (2021) as a supplementary case, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model’s three-dimensional variational assimilation (3DVAR) is utilized to assimilate V_r and reflectivity observations to improve TC track, intensity, and precipitation forecasts. Three experiments were conducted for each typhoon: one with no assimilation, one with V_r assimilation using ψ − χ control variables and background-dependent radar reflectivity assimilation, and one with V_r assimilation using U − V control variables and background-dependent radar reflectivity assimilation. The results show that assimilating V_r enhances small-scale dynamics in the TC core, leading to a more organized and stronger wind field. The experiment involving U − V control variables consistently showed advantages over the ψ − χ scheme in aspects such as overall track prediction, initial intensity representation, and producing more stable or physically plausible intensity trends, particularly evident when comparing both typhoon events. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing control variables and assimilation methods to enhance the prediction of TCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Assimilation for Predicting Hurricane, Typhoon and Storm (2nd Edition))

27 pages, 3889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Assessment of Low- and Medium-Cost PM_2.5 Sensors in Real-World Conditions in Central Europe

by Bushra Atfeh, Zoltán Barcza, Veronika Groma, Ágoston Vilmos Tordai and Róbert Mészáros

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070796 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

In addition to the use of reference instruments, low-cost sensors (LCSs) are becoming increasingly popular for air quality monitoring both indoors and outdoors. These sensors provide real-time measurements of pollutants and facilitate better spatial and temporal coverage. However, these simpler devices are typically [...] Read more.

In addition to the use of reference instruments, low-cost sensors (LCSs) are becoming increasingly popular for air quality monitoring both indoors and outdoors. These sensors provide real-time measurements of pollutants and facilitate better spatial and temporal coverage. However, these simpler devices are typically characterised by lower accuracy and precision and can be more sensitive to the environmental conditions than the reference instruments. It is therefore crucial to characterise the applicability and limitations of these instruments, for which a possible solution is their comparison with reference measurements in real-world conditions. To this end, a measurement campaign has been carried out to evaluate the PM_2.5 readings of several low- and medium-cost air quality instruments of different types and categories (IQAir AirVisual Pro, TSI DustTrak™ II Aerosol Monitor 8532, Xiaomi Mijia Air Detector, and Xiaomi Smartmi PM_2.5 Air Detector). A GRIMM EDM180 instrument was used as the reference. This campaign took place in Budapest, Hungary, from 12 November to 15 December 2020, during typically humid and foggy weather conditions, when the air pollution level was high due to the increased anthropogenic emissions, including wood burning for heating purposes. The results indicate that the individual sensors tracked the dynamics of PM_2.5 concentration changes well (in a linear fashion), but the readings deviated from the reference measurements to varying degrees. Even though the AirVisual sensors performed generally well (0.85 < R² < 0.93), the accuracy of the units showed inconsistency (13–93%) with typical overestimation, and their readings were significantly affected by elevated relative humidity levels and by temperature. Despite the overall overestimation of PM_2.5 by the Xiaomi sensors, they also exhibited strong correlation coefficients with the reference, with R² values of 0.88 and 0.94. TSI sensors exhibited slight underestimations with high explained variance (R² = 0.93–0.94) and good accuracy. The results indicated that despite the inherent bias, the low-cost sensors are capable of capturing the temporal variability of PM_2.5, thus providing relevant information. After simple and multiple linear regression-based correction, the low-cost sensors provided acceptable results. The results indicate that sensor data correction is a necessary prerequisite for the usability of the instruments. The ensemble method is a reasonable alternative for more accurate estimations of PM_2.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling (2nd Edition))

12 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pollen Vertical Transportation Above Paris, France, up to 150 m Using the Beenose Instrument on the Tourist Attraction “Ballon de Paris” in 2024

by Jean-Baptiste Renard, Johann Lauthier and Jérôme Giacomoni

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070795 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

Pollen allergies represent a growing public health concern that necessitates enhancements to the network of instruments and modeling calculations in order to facilitate a more profound comprehension of pollen transportation. The Beenose instrument quantifies the light scattered by particles that traverse a laser [...] Read more.

Pollen allergies represent a growing public health concern that necessitates enhancements to the network of instruments and modeling calculations in order to facilitate a more profound comprehension of pollen transportation. The Beenose instrument quantifies the light scattered by particles that traverse a laser beam at four angles. This methodology enables the differentiation of pollen particles from other particulate matter, predominantly mineral and carbonaceous in nature, thereby facilitating the retrieval of pollen concentrations. The Beenose instrument has been installed on the tourist balloon known as “Ballon de Paris” in a large park situated in the southwest of Paris, France. The measurement period is from April to November 2024, coinciding with the pollen seasons of trees and grasses. The balloon conducts numerous flights per day, reaching an altitude of 150 m when weather conditions are conducive, which occurs approximately 58% of the time during this period. The data are averaged to produce vertical profiles with a resolution of 30 m. Concentrations of the substance decrease with altitude, although a secondary layer is observed in spring. This phenomenon may be attributed to the presence of emissions from a proximate forest situated at a higher altitude. The average decrease in concentration of 11 ± 8% per 10 m is consistent with the findings of previous studies. The long-term implementation of Beenose measurements on this tourist balloon is intended to enhance the precision of the results and facilitate the differentiation of the various parameters that can influence the vertical transportation of pollen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

17 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey-Based Emission Inventory of Greenhouse Gases Released from Rice Production on Consolidated Land in the Red River Delta of Vietnam

by Dinh Thi Hai Van, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh and Nguyen Thi Bich Yen

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070794 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this study, relevant rice cultivation data were collected through a local survey, and the life cycle assessment (LCA) method was employed to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice production on consolidated land in the Red River Delta (RRD). Systematic sampling was [...] Read more.

In this study, relevant rice cultivation data were collected through a local survey, and the life cycle assessment (LCA) method was employed to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice production on consolidated land in the Red River Delta (RRD). Systematic sampling was used in face-to-face interviews with 45 rice farming households in a representative commune of Hai Duong province. Specific GHG emissions were significantly higher in the summer crop (averaged at 11.4 t CO₂-eq/ha or 2.2 t CO₂-eq/t grain) than in the spring crop (6.8 t CO₂-eq/ha or 1.2 t CO₂-eq/t grain). Methane was a dominant GHG emitted from paddy fields, contributing 84% of the total emissions of CO₂-eq in the summer crop and 73% in the spring crop. Fertilizer use and N₂O emissions accounted for 9% of emissions in the summer crop and 16% in the spring crop. Energy consumption for machinery and irrigation added a further 4% and 8%, respectively. Annually, as of 2023, the rice production activities in the RRD release 7.3 Tg of CO₂-eq (100 years), a significant contribution to the national GHG emissions. GHG emissions under alternative scenarios of rice straw management were assessed. This study highlights the role of land consolidation in improving water management, which contributes to lowering emissions. Based on the findings, several mitigation measures could be identified, including improved irrigation practices, optimized fertilizer use, and the promotion of sustainable rice straw management practices. Full article

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18 pages, 7331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Properties of Near-Surface Cloud Layers and Their Interactions with Aerosol Layers: A Case Study of Australia Based on CALIPSO

by Miao Zhang, Yating Zhang, Yingfei Wang, Jiwen Liang, Zilu Yue, Wenkai Song and Ge Han

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070793 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study utilized Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite level-2 data with high-confidence cloud–aerosol discrimination (|CAD| > 70) to investigate the optical properties, vertical distributions, seasonal variations, and aerosol interactions of near-surface cloud layers (cloud base height < 2.5 km) [...] Read more.

This study utilized Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite level-2 data with high-confidence cloud–aerosol discrimination (|CAD| > 70) to investigate the optical properties, vertical distributions, seasonal variations, and aerosol interactions of near-surface cloud layers (cloud base height < 2.5 km) over Australia from 2006 to 2021. This definition encompasses both traditional low clouds and part of mid-level clouds that extend into the lower troposphere, enabling a comprehensive view of cloud systems that interact most directly with boundary-layer aerosols. The results showed that the optical depth of low clouds (CODL) exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, with higher values in central and eastern regions (often exceeding 6.0) and lower values in western plateau regions (typically 4.0–5.0). CODL values demonstrated clear seasonal patterns with spring peaks across all regions, contrasting with traditional summer-maximum expectations. Pronounced diurnal variations were observed, with nighttime CODL showing systematic enhancement effects (up to 19.29 maximum values compared to daytime 11.43), primarily attributed to surface radiative cooling processes. Cloud base heights (CBL) exhibited counterintuitive nighttime increases (41% on average), reflecting fundamental differences in cloud formation mechanisms between day and night. The geometric thickness of low clouds (CTL) showed significant diurnal contrasts, decreasing by nearly 50% at night due to enhanced atmospheric stability. Cloud layer number (CN) displayed systematic nighttime reductions (18% decrease), indicating dominance of single stratiform cloud systems during nighttime. Regional analysis revealed that the central plains consistently exhibited higher CODL values, while eastern mountains showed elevated cloud heights due to orographic effects. Correlation analysis between cloud and aerosol layer properties revealed moderate but statistically significant relationships (|R| = 0.4–0.6), with the strongest correlations appearing between cloud layer heights and aerosol layer heights. However, these correlations represent only partial influences among multiple factors controlling cloud development, suggesting measurable but modest aerosol effects on cloud properties. This study provides comprehensive observational evidence for cloud optical property variations and aerosol–cloud interactions over Australia, contributing to an improved understanding of Southern Hemisphere cloud systems and their climatic implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerosols)

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12 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Climate Change and Health Risks Among Urban Older Adults in Mexico City: A Pilot Study

by Simone Lucatello, Josafat Francisco Martínez Magaña, Citlali Fernández Vivar, Jorge Orozco Gaytán, Jessica Camacho Ruíz, Lorena Figueroa Escamilla and Mónica Pérez Rodríguez

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070792 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2025

Abstract

Climate change poses significant risks to public health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as older adults. In Mexico, where extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, understanding how this demographic perceives climate-related health risks is crucial for designing effective adaptation strategies. Limited research [...] Read more.

Climate change poses significant risks to public health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as older adults. In Mexico, where extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, understanding how this demographic perceives climate-related health risks is crucial for designing effective adaptation strategies. Limited research exists on this topic; this pilot study aims to assess the perceptions of climate related health risks among older adults from a multidisciplinary team, with data collected at the Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza” in Mexico City. Using a cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational survey design, data were collected from hospitalized and outpatient individuals using a validated instrument that measures perceived environmental and emotional impacts of climate change. Key findings reveal varying levels of awareness and emotional responses to environmental changes, such as heatwaves, droughts, and ecosystem degradation. Participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and existing health conditions are also documented to explore their association with climate risk perceptions. The study highlights the need for tailored health communication strategies and adaptive policies that address the specific vulnerabilities and perceptions of older adults. Results will contribute to building climate-resilient health interventions and support the development of inclusive public health strategies amid global climate change in the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Climate Events: Causes, Risk and Adaptation)

55 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Urban Heat Island Effect: Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment—Methods, Applications, and Future Directions

by Lili Zhao, Xuncheng Fan and Tao Hong

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070791 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study systematically reviews the development and application of remote sensing technology in monitoring and evaluating urban heat island (UHI) effects. The urban heat island effect, characterized by significantly higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural regions, has become a widespread [...] Read more.

This study systematically reviews the development and application of remote sensing technology in monitoring and evaluating urban heat island (UHI) effects. The urban heat island effect, characterized by significantly higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural regions, has become a widespread environmental issue globally, with impacts spanning public health, energy consumption, ecosystems, and social equity. The paper first analyzes the formation mechanisms and impacts of urban heat islands, then traces the evolution of remote sensing technology from early traditional platforms such as Landsat and NOAA-AVHRR to modern next-generation systems, including the Sentinel series and ECOSTRESS, emphasizing improvements in spatial and temporal resolution and their application value. At the methodological level, the study systematically evaluates core algorithms for land surface temperature extraction and heat island intensity calculation, compares innovative developments in multi-source remote sensing data integration and fusion techniques, and establishes a framework for accuracy assessment and validation. Through analyzing the heat island differences between metropolitan areas and small–medium cities, the relationship between urban morphology and thermal environment, and regional specificity and global universal patterns, this study revealed that the proportion of impervious surfaces is the primary driving factor of heat island intensity while simultaneously finding that vegetation cover exhibits significant cooling effects under suitable conditions, with the intensity varying significantly depending on vegetation types, management levels, and climatic conditions. In terms of applications, the paper elaborates on the practical value of remote sensing technology in identifying thermally vulnerable areas, green space planning, urban material optimization, and decision support for UHI mitigation. Finally, in light of current technological limitations, the study anticipates the application prospects of artificial intelligence and emerging analytical methods, as well as trends in urban heat island monitoring against the backdrop of climate change. The research findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of urban climatology but also provide a scientific basis for urban planners, contributing to the development of more effective UHI mitigation strategies and enhanced urban climate resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue UHI Analysis and Evaluation with Remote Sensing Data (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 17662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate-Driven Dynamics of Landscape Patterns and Carbon Sequestration in Inner Mongolia: A Spatiotemporal Analysis from 2000 to 2020

by Qibeier Xie and Jie Ren

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070790 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

Understanding the interplay between climate change, landscape patterns, and carbon sequestration is critical for sustainable ecosystem management. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and landscape patterns in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2000 to 2020, and evaluates their [...] Read more.

Understanding the interplay between climate change, landscape patterns, and carbon sequestration is critical for sustainable ecosystem management. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and landscape patterns in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2000 to 2020, and evaluates their implications for carbon sink capacity under climate change. Using remote sensing data, meteorological records, and landscape metrics (CONTAG, SPLIT, IJI), we quantified the relationships between vegetation productivity, landscape connectivity, and fragmentation. Results reveal a northeast-to-southwest gradient in NPP, with high values concentrated in forested regions of the Greater Khingan Range and low values in arid western deserts. Over two decades, NPP increased by 73% in high-productivity zones, driven by rising temperatures and ecological restoration policies. Landscape aggregation (CONTAG) and patch connectivity showed strong positive correlations with NPP, while higher fragmentation values (SPLIT, IJI) negatively impacted carbon sequestration. Climate factors, particularly precipitation variability, emerged as critical drivers of NPP fluctuations, with human activities amplifying regional disparities. We propose targeted strategies—enhancing landscape connectivity, regional differentiation management, and optimizing patch structure—to bolster climate-resilient carbon sinks. These findings underscore the necessity of integrating climate-adaptive landscape planning into regional carbon neutrality frameworks, offering feasible alternatives for mitigating climate impacts in ecologically vulnerable regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Over the Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings on Decadal to Sub-Orbital Timescales and Its Driving Mechanisms)

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22 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Eddy Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle of Shallow Convection in the Central Amazon

by Jhonatan A. A. Manco and Silvio Nilo Figueroa

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070789 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Climate models often face challenges in accurately simulating the daily precipitation cycle over tropical land areas, particularly in the Amazon. One contributing factor may be the incomplete representation of the diurnal evolution of shallow cumulus (ShCu) clouds. This study aimed to enhance the [...] Read more.

Climate models often face challenges in accurately simulating the daily precipitation cycle over tropical land areas, particularly in the Amazon. One contributing factor may be the incomplete representation of the diurnal evolution of shallow cumulus (ShCu) clouds. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of the diurnal cycles of ShCu clouds—from formation to maturation and dissipation—over the Central Amazon (CAMZ). Using observational data from the Green Ocean Amazon 2014 (GoAmazon) campaign and large eddy simulation (LES) modeling, we analyzed the diurnal cycles of six selected pure ShCu cases and their composite behavior. Our results revealed a well-defined cycle, with cloud formation occurring between 10 and 11 local time (LT), maturity from 13 to 15 LT, and dissipation by 17–18 LT. The vertical extent of the liquid water mixing ratio and the intensity of the updraft mass flux were closely associated with increases in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), enhanced buoyancy flux within the cloud layer, and reduced large-scale subsidence. We further analyzed the diurnal cycles of the convective available potential energy (CAPE), the convective inhibition (CIN), the Bowen ratio (BR), and the vertically integrated TKE in the mixed layer (ITKE-ML), exploring their relationships with the cloud base mass flux (Mb) and cloud depth across the six ShCu cases. ITKE-ML and Mb exhibited similar diurnal trends, peaking at approximately 14–15 LT. However, no consistent relationships were found between CAPE (or BR) and Mb. Similarly, comparisons of the cloud depth with CAPE, BR, ITKE-ML, CIN, and Mb revealed no clear relationships. Smaller ShCu clouds were sometimes linked to higher CAPE and lower CIN. It is important to emphasize that these findings are preliminary and based on a limited sample of ShCu cases. Further research involving an expanded dataset and more detailed analyses of the TKE budget and synoptic conditions is necessary. Such efforts would yield a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing ShCu clouds’ vertical development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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14 pages, 5459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N₂O Production and Reduction in Chinese Paddy Soils: Linking Microbial Functional Genes with Soil Chemical Properties

by Chaobiao Meng, Aoqi Jiang, Yumeng Gao, Xiangyun Yu, Yujie Zhou, Ruiquan Chen, Weijian Shen, Kaijing Yang, Weihan Wang, Dongliang Qi, Cundong Xu and Yonggang Duan

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070788 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from paddy soils significantly contribute to global warming; however, the regulatory mechanisms of microbial denitrification remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biotic and abiotic drivers of N₂O production and reduction across seven paddy soils [...] Read more.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from paddy soils significantly contribute to global warming; however, the regulatory mechanisms of microbial denitrification remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biotic and abiotic drivers of N₂O production and reduction across seven paddy soils spanning China’s major rice-growing regions, using integrated qPCR, incubation experiments, and multivariate analyses. Results demonstrated niche partitioning among denitrifying microorganisms. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive correlations between potential N₂O production rates and the abundances of denitrification genes (nirS, nirK, and fungal nirK), as well as between N₂O reduction rates and nosZ gene abundances (both clade I and II). Key soil chemical properties, including pH, total carbon (TC), and NH₄⁺-N content, showed significant relationships with both potential N₂O production rates and reduction rates. Furthermore, random forest analysis identified nirS, fungal nirK, TC, and pH as key predictors of N₂O production, while nosZ (clade I and II), TC, and pH governed N₂O reduction. Structural equation modeling revealed that nirS-type bacteria predominantly drove N₂O production, whereas nosZ II-encoded microorganisms primarily mediated N₂O reduction. Moreover, TC exhibited direct positive effects on both processes, while pH indirectly influenced N₂O production by regulating nirS abundance and affected reduction via nosZ Ⅱ modulation. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for mitigating agricultural denitrification-derived N₂O emissions through a targeted management of soil carbon and pH conditions to optimize complete denitrification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Emissions from Soil)

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14 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variability and Time Stability of Throughfall in a Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Forest in Jinyun Mountain, China

by Chunxia Liu, Yunqi Wang, Quanli Zong, Kai Jin, Peng Qin, Xiuzhi Zhu and Yujie Han

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070787 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is one of the most common species of bamboo in East Asia, and plays a crucial role in regulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. However, throughfall variability and its time stability in Moso bamboo forests [...] Read more.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is one of the most common species of bamboo in East Asia, and plays a crucial role in regulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. However, throughfall variability and its time stability in Moso bamboo forests remain unclear. Here, we investigated the spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall in a Moso bamboo forest in China, and the effects of rainfall characteristics and leaf area index (LAI) on the variability of throughfall, and tree locations on the temporal stability of throughfall were systematically evaluated. The results show that throughfall occupied 74.3% of rainfall in the forest. The coefficient of variation of throughfall (throughfall CV) for rainfall events and throughfall collectors were 18.1% and 19.5%, respectively, and the spatial autocorrelation of the throughfall CV was not significant according to the global Moran’s I. Throughfall CV had a significantly negative correlation with rainfall amount and rainfall intensity, whereas it increased with the increase in LAI. The temporal stability plot indicated that the extreme wet and dry persistence were highly stable. We also found that normalized throughfall increased with the increase in distance from the nearest tree trunk. Our findings are expected to assist in the accurate assessment of throughfall and soil water within bamboo forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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23 pages, 5164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of High-Spatial-Resolution Near-Surface Ozone over Hubei Province

by Pengfei Xu, Zhaoquan Xie, Yingyi Zhao, Yijia Wu and Yanbin Yuan

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070786 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

High-precision estimation of ground-level ozone pollution is very important for the ecological environment and public health management. Taking Hubei Province as an example, a framework of ozone concentration estimation with a spatial resolution of 0.01° × 0.01° was constructed by integrating ground observation, [...] Read more.

High-precision estimation of ground-level ozone pollution is very important for the ecological environment and public health management. Taking Hubei Province as an example, a framework of ozone concentration estimation with a spatial resolution of 0.01° × 0.01° was constructed by integrating ground observation, satellite remote sensing, and meteorological and socio-economic data. By comparing six machine learning models, it was found that the LightGBM single model performed best (R² = 0.87), while the stacked integration model based on XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost significantly improved accuracy (R² = 0.91; RMSE = 9.40). The results show that the ozone concentration in Hubei Province presents a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” and a seasonal feature of “thick in summer and thin in winter”, with the peak appearing in the second quarter and September. This study had some limitations, such as insufficient timeliness of human activity data, the high cost of model calculation, and regional applicability to be verified. However, through the innovative application of multi-source data fusion and an integrated learning strategy, the accurate inversion of the provincial-level high-resolution ozone concentration was achieved for the first time. The results provide methodological support for the refined prevention and control of regional ozone pollution, and the multi-model collaborative framework has a universal reference value for the estimation of air pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 13290 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Some Observations of Waves at the Hong Kong International Airport and Their Numerical Simulations

by Pak Wai Chan, Kai Kwong Lai, Ping Cheung and Yan Yu Leung

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070785 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Because of terrain disruption of the airflow and interface between different airmasses, wave motions may be observed in the vicinity of the Hong Kong International Airport using plan position indicator scans and range height indicator scans with Doppler light detection and ranging systems. [...] Read more.

Because of terrain disruption of the airflow and interface between different airmasses, wave motions may be observed in the vicinity of the Hong Kong International Airport using plan position indicator scans and range height indicator scans with Doppler light detection and ranging systems. This paper documents three cases of wave motion that are not commonly observed near this airport and have never been described before in the literature for Hong Kong, including one mountain wave case and two cases of interfaces between airmasses. These waves may have impacts on aviation safety by leading to the occurrence of low-level windshear and turbulence. They are studied further using a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model. It is found that the model is capable of capturing some features of the waves, such as their occurrence mechanisms. However, some details of the waves are not successfully reproduced, such as the changes in the number of wave crests/troughs with time. Further study should also be conducted to reproduce the wavelengths of these waves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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14 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Atmospheric O₃ Dose–Response Effects Under N Addition on Gas Exchange, Growth, and Biomass of Raphanus sativus L.

by Li Li and Jinling Li

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070784 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Regional increases in atmospheric O₃ are phytotoxic not only to major crops but also to root vegetables such as radish, and their effects can be further modulated by nitrogen (N) addition. To assess how cherry radish responds to elevated O₃ (eO [...] Read more.

Regional increases in atmospheric O₃ are phytotoxic not only to major crops but also to root vegetables such as radish, and their effects can be further modulated by nitrogen (N) addition. To assess how cherry radish responds to elevated O₃ (eO₃) under N addition and to compare the dose–response relationships, we established six open-top chambers with two O₃ levels and two N treatments in Beijing, China, to examine gas exchange, growth, and biomass throughout the growing period. The results showed that: 1. eO₃ had a “priming effect” on photosynthesis rates (Pn) at the beginning of the experiment. N addition alleviated the O₃-induced Pn reduction at the end of the experiment by 6.76% but did not significantly influence the O₃-dose response to Pn; 2. stomatal conductance (gs) did not have a dose response to all treatments while evaporation rates (E) showed strong negative regression with AOT40; 3. N addition reduced the hypocotyl biomass (−47.70%), leaf biomass (−32.22%), and the whole plant biomass reduction caused by O₃ (−38.47%) at the end of the experiment, but N addition did not significantly influence O₃-dose response to biomass. In conclusion, N addition can alleviate O₃-induced reductions in Pn and biomass via non-stomatal mechanisms, but it is ineffective in altering long-term O₃ dose–response relationships. Soil N addition offers a short-term strategy to mitigate O₃ impacts on short-lived root vegetables such as cherry radish but does not influence key functional traits over the long term. This study highlights the potential of N addition to alleviate acute oxidative stress, while underscoring its limitations in mitigating the effects of prolonged O₃ exposure in root vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Radiation, Aerosol, and Multiple Interactions Between Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Substances)

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21 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Particulate Matter Reduction by Indoor Plants in a Recirculating Air System

by Erich Streit, Jolan Schabauer and Azra Korjenic

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070783 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is a major health risk, particularly in indoor environments where air quality should be optimized and pollution reduced efficiently. While technical air purification systems can be costly and impractical, indoor plants offer a sustainable alternative. Using a novel methodology, four [...] Read more.

Particulate matter (PM) is a major health risk, particularly in indoor environments where air quality should be optimized and pollution reduced efficiently. While technical air purification systems can be costly and impractical, indoor plants offer a sustainable alternative. Using a novel methodology, four common indoor plants were evaluated for their potential to reduce PM_2.5. PM_2.5 was introduced via incense in a custom-designed test chamber with air circulating at 0.3 m/s. Air quality was continuously monitored with an AirGradient Open Air device (Model O-1PST), an optical particle counter. Statistical significance was confirmed by independent t-tests and ANOVA. Calcium chloride regulated relative humidity in the chamber. The plants Epipremnum aureum, Chlorophytum comosum, Nephrolepis exaltata, and Maranta leuconeura were assessed for their PM_2.5-binding capacity. Nephrolepis exaltata showed the highest reduction efficiency. Maranta leuconeura with its hemispherical leaf cells was tested for the first time and proved to trap particles within its leaf structure. It is ranked second and showed a stronger dependence on ambient PM_2.5 concentrations for reduction efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Urban Greenings and Air Pollution)

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16 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Dust Storms in Uzbekistan from Meteorological Station Records (2010–2023)

by Natella Rakhmatova, Bakhriddin E. Nishonov, Lyudmila Shardakova, Albina Akhmedova, Alisher Khudoyberdiev, Valeriya Rakhmatova and Dmitry A. Belikov

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070782 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of sand and dust storms (SDSs) in Uzbekistan using ground-based meteorological data from 2010 to 2023. The results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in the SDS activity, with the highest frequency of SDS days observed in the [...] Read more.

This study provides a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of sand and dust storms (SDSs) in Uzbekistan using ground-based meteorological data from 2010 to 2023. The results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in the SDS activity, with the highest frequency of SDS days observed in the southern and western regions, including Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya, Bukhara, Khorezm, and Republic of Karakalpakstan. In the most vulnerable areas, such as Karakalpakstan, Surkhandarya, and Kashkadarya, the annual number of SDS days can exceed 80 in certain years, reflecting a high recurrence of extreme dust events in certain climatic zones. About 53% of the SDS events were regional, affecting several stations, while 47% were localized, indicating a combination of large-scale dust transport and localized emissions. Seasonal patterns showed a peak SDS activity between March and August, coinciding with the dry season characterized by elevated temperatures, reduced soil moisture, and intense agricultural activity, all of which contribute to the surface exposure and increased vulnerability. This study found a significant variation in the event duration across regions, with Karakalpakstan and Surkhandarya experiencing the highest proportion of prolonged events due to its orography and persistent southerly wind patterns. Using ERA5 data and a decision tree regressor, the analysis identified the wind direction and mean wind speed as the most influential meteorological factors, followed by the maximum wind speed and soil temperature, with other variables such as solar radiation and soil moisture playing moderate roles. This study highlights the importance of regional wind patterns and geomorphology in SDS formation, with prevailing wind directions from the northwest, west, and south. The integration of the ERA5 reanalysis and machine learning techniques offers significant potential for improving SDS monitoring and studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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24 pages, 15859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Analysis of the Extreme Cold in North America Linked to the Western Hemisphere Circulation Pattern

by Mohan Shen and Xin Tan

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070781 (registering DOI) - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

The Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern was discovered in recent years through Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) clustering of the Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height during winter. For example, the extremely cold wave that occurred in North America during 2013–14 is associated with WH [...] Read more.

The Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern was discovered in recent years through Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) clustering of the Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa geopotential height during winter. For example, the extremely cold wave that occurred in North America during 2013–14 is associated with WH circulation anomalies. We discussed the extremely cold weather conditions within the WH pattern during the winter season from 1979 to 2023. The variations of cold air in North America during the WH pattern have been demonstrated using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets. By defining WH events and North American extremely cold events, we have identified a connection between the two. In extremely cold events, linear winds are the key factor driving the temperature drop, as determined by calculating temperature advection. The ridge in the Gulf of Alaska serves as an early signal for this cold weather. The WH circulation anomaly triggers an anomalous ridge in the Gulf of Alaska region, leading to trough anomalies downstream over North America. This results in the southward movement of cold air from the polar regions, causing cooling in the mid-to-northern parts of North America. With the maintenance of the stationary wave in the North Pacific (NP), the anomalous trough over North America can be deepened, driving cold air into the continent. Influenced by the low pressure over Greenland and the storm track, the cold anomalies are concentrated in the central and northern parts of North America. This cold air situation persists for approximately two weeks. The high-level patterns of the WH pattern in both the 500 hPa height and the troposphere level have been identified using SOM. This cold weather is primarily a tropospheric phenomenon with limited correlation to stratospheric activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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15 pages, 2726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diurnal Characteristics and Long-Term Changes in Extreme Precipitation in the Republic of Korea

by Do-Hyun Kim, Jin-Uk Kim, Jaekwan Shim, Chu-Yong Chung, Kyung-On Boo and Sungbo Shim

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070780 (registering DOI) - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this study, diurnal characteristics and long-term changes in extreme precipitation (PR) in the Republic of Korea (KR) are investigated. Hourly PR data from 59 ASOS stations across the country over a 50-year period (1973–2022) are used. The focus is on the summer [...] Read more.

In this study, diurnal characteristics and long-term changes in extreme precipitation (PR) in the Republic of Korea (KR) are investigated. Hourly PR data from 59 ASOS stations across the country over a 50-year period (1973–2022) are used. The focus is on the summer season (June to September), during which extreme PR frequently occurs. During the period 1973–1997 (FP), both the amount and frequency of extreme PR events peak between 01 and 09 LST. In contrast, during the period 1998–2022 (LP), a notable increase in extreme PR and its frequency is observed between 04 and 12 LST, with the peak occurrence hours shifting to this time frame. An analysis of atmospheric variables related to extreme PR is conducted for the 04–12 LST time frame. Compared to all PR events during the summer season, a low-level low-pressure anomaly is found west of the KR, leading to southerly winds and positive specific humidity anomalies over the south of the KR. Relative to the FP period, both the amplitude and frequency of high water vapor content have increased during the LP period. This intensified moisture may be associated with the observed increase in extreme PR during 04–12 LST. However, no significant changes are found in the strength and frequency of the southerly wind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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15 pages, 4428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Influence of Wind-Induced Dune Movement on Transmission Tower Lines

by Shijun Wang, Wenyuan Bai, Yunfei Tian, Hailong Zhang and Hongchao Dun

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070779 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Thorough investigation into dune morphology is pivotal for grasping the intricacies of constructing and operating power transmission lines in desert terrains. However, there remains a notable gap in the quantitative analysis and assessment of how dune dynamics evolve under the influence of transmission [...] Read more.

Thorough investigation into dune morphology is pivotal for grasping the intricacies of constructing and operating power transmission lines in desert terrains. However, there remains a notable gap in the quantitative analysis and assessment of how dune dynamics evolve under the influence of transmission infrastructure. In this study, the Real-Space Cellular Automaton Laboratory is deployed to explore how transverse dunes evolve around transmission towers under diverse wind velocities and varying dune dimensions. The results reveal that, beyond the immediate vicinity of the transmission tower, the height of the transverse dune remains largely stable across broad spatial scales, unaffected by the transmission line. As wind velocities wane, the structural integrity of the transverse dunes is compromised, leading to an expansion in the size of the trail structures. Initially, the height of the dune surges, only to decline progressively over time, with the maximum fluctuation reaching nearly

1 m

. The height of larger dunes escalates gradually at first, peaks, and then subsides, with the pinnacle height nearing

6.5 m

. As a critical metric for safety evaluation, the height of the transmission line above ground initially plummets, then gradually rebounds, and shifts backward over time after hitting its nadir. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry, Environmental Effects, and Source Analysis of Particulate Matters)

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