Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Suitability of AirBeam2 for PM2.5 Air Quality Monitoring
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of PM2.5 Levels in 2020, 2021, and 2022
3.2. Comparison of PM2.5 Levels by Season
4. Discussion
4.1. Temporal Variations of Indoor PM2.5 Levels
4.2. Temporal Variations of Outdoor PM2.5
4.3. Seasonal Variations of Indoor PM2.5
4.4. Seasonal Variations of Outdoor PM2.5
4.5. Health Implications of Higher Indoor PM2.5 Levels during COVID-19
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage of Pandemic | Phase II Lockdown Fall | Phase II Lockdown Fall | Phase II Lockdown Fall | Phase III Lockdown Winter | Phase III Lockdown Winter | Phase IV Reopening Fall | Phase IV Reopening Fall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month/Year | Oct 2020 | Oct 2020 | Nov 2020 | Feb 2021 | Feb 2021 | Sep–Nov 2022 | Sept–Nov 2022 |
Location | Home 3 | Home 4 | Home 5 | Home 1 | Home 2 | Home 6 | Home 7 |
Indoor Site description and activities | Living Rm area under construction | Living Rm & basement: steam-generated & water heater (Mixed places) | Enclosed kitchen area: cooking, lit candles & cigarette smoking | Living Rm area: closed windows, no ventilation | Enclosed kitchen: no ventilation | In kitchen | In kitchen |
Indoor Sampling duration (days) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 27 | 14 | 12 | 18 |
Outdoor Site description and activities | Backyard | Backyard | Near golf course, Garden City Country Club | Facing busy road | Near road, low vehicular traffic | Front yard | Front yard |
Outdoor Sampling duration (days) | 9 | 4 | 7 | 27 | 14 | 10 | 18 |
2020 (Fall) Mean (µg/m3) (SE) | 2021 (Winter) Mean (µg/m3) (SE) | 2022 (Fall) Mean (µg/m3) (SE) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indoor | 13.33 (4.63) | 9.0 (5.0) | 16.5 (7.5) | 0.93 |
Outdoor | 5.33 (1.20) | 8.0 (1.0) | 7.5 (0.5) | 0.65 |
City Ambient | 6.03 (1.24) | 6.5 (0.69) | 6.35 (0.05) | 0.11 |
Winter (n = 2) Mean (µg/m3) (SE) | Fall (n = 5) Mean (µg/m3) (SE) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Indoor | 9.0 (5) | 14.6 (3.5) | 0.42 |
Outdoor | 8.0 (1.0) | 6.2 (0.69) | 0.29 |
City Ambient | 6.5 (0.98) | 6.16 (0.68) | 0.78 |
Homes | Season | InAv PM2.5 (µg/m3) | OutAv PM2.5 (µg/m3) | City Ambient (µg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2021 (W) | 4 | 7 | 5.8 |
2 | 2021 (W) | 14 | 9 | 7.2 |
3 | 2020 (F) | 14 | 7 | 3.9 |
4 | 2020 (F) | 5 | 3 | 8.2 |
5 | 2020 (F) | 21 | 6 | 6.0 |
6 | 2022 (F) | 24 | 7 | 6.4 |
7 | 2022 (F) | 9 | 8 | 6.3 |
Mean (Std Error) | 13.0 (2.87) | 6.71 (0.71) | 6.25 (0.50) |
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Holder, J.; Jordan, J.; Johnson, K.; Akinremi, A.; Roberts-Semple, D. Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Air 2023, 1, 196-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030015
Holder J, Jordan J, Johnson K, Akinremi A, Roberts-Semple D. Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Air. 2023; 1(3):196-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030015
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolder, Justin, Jamelia Jordan, Kera Johnson, Ayodele Akinremi, and Dawn Roberts-Semple. 2023. "Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown" Air 1, no. 3: 196-206. https://doi.org/10.3390/air1030015