Novel Digital Technologies to Assess Smoke Taint in Wine Using Non-Invasive Chemical Fingerprinting, a Low-Cost Electronic Nose, and Artificial Intelligence ^†

Abstract

Climatic anomalies, such as heatwaves and bushfires, are increasing in number, intensity, and severity worldwide due to climate change. Bushfires are especially important in winemaking countries since smoke contamination can reach vineyards in critical periods of berry development, producing smoke contamination, which is passed to the wine as smoke taint in the winemaking process. The only alternative for winemakers to assess berry or wine contamination is sending samples to specialized laboratories, which can be time-consuming, cost-prohibitive and only sentinel plants or batches can be monitored. New and emerging technologies based on non-destructive remote sensing, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and the development of low-cost e-noses coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) tools, have been developed by the Digital Agriculture, Food and Wine Group from The University of Melbourne. The machine learning (ML) classification models developed showed high accuracy (97–98%) for berries, leaves and wine assessment to predict the level of smoke contamination. Furthermore, ML regression models to predict smoke-derived compounds in berries, must, and wine also presented very high accuracy (R = 0.98–0.99). On the other hand, ML models to predict consumers acceptability of smoke-tainted wines were also successfully developed (R = 0.97–0.98). These models can result in cost-effective and accurate technologies applicable to the vineyard and wineries to assess levels of smoke taint and associated compounds for decision-making purposes.