Evaluation of Citrus Cultivars for Tolerance to Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), Aphis gossypii and Their Management by Limiting Vector Population †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Davino, S.; Willemsen, A.; Panno, S.; Davino, M.; Catara, A.; Elena, S.F.; Rubio, L. Emergence and phylodynamics of Citrus tristeza virus in Sicily, Italy. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e66700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cambra, M.; Gorris, M.T.; Marroquın, C.; Román, M.P.; Olmos, A.; Martınez, M.; de Mendoza, A.H.; López, A.; Navarro, L. Incidence and epidemiology of Citrus tristeza virus in the Valencian Community of Spain. Virus Res. 2000, 71, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marroquín, C.; Olmos, A.; Gorris, M.T.; Bertolini, E.; Martınez, M.C.; Carbonell, E.A.; de Mendoza, A.H.; Cambra, M. Estimation of the number of aphids carrying Citrus tristeza virus that visit adult citrus trees. Virus Res. 2004, 100, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yokomi, R.K.; Selvaraj, V.; Maheshwari, Y.; Saponari, M.; Giampetruzzi, A.; Chiumenti, M.; Hajeri, S. Identification and characterization of Citrus tristeza virus isolates breaking resistance in trifoliate orange in California. Phytopathology 2017, 107, 901–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moreno, P.; Garnsey, S.M. Citrus Tristeza diseases—A worldwide perspective. In Citrus Tristeza Virus Complex and Tristeza Diseases; Karasev, A.V., Hilf, M.E., Eds.; American Phytopathological Society: Saint Paul, MN, USA, 2010; pp. 247–260. [Google Scholar]
- Da Graca, J.V.; Van vuren, S.P. Managing Citrus tristeza virus losses using cross protection. In Citrus Tristeza Virus Complex and Tristeza Diseases; Karasev, A.V., Hilf, M.E., Eds.; American Phytopathological Society: Saint Paul, MN, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Gross, S.; Blumberg, D.; Drishpon, Y.; Mendel, Z. The spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccusviridis: New data on its distribution, damage, natural enemies and control. Phytoparasitica 2001, 29, 62. [Google Scholar]
- Hodgson, E.W.; VanNostrand, G.; O’Neal, M.E. Yellow Book: Report of Insecticide Evaluation for Soybean Aphid; Department of Entomology, Iowa State University: Ames, IA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- O’Neal, M.E.; Johnson, K.D. Insect Pests of Soybean and Their Management. In The Soybean: Botany, Production and Uses; Singh, G., Ed.; CABI: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010; pp. 300–324. [Google Scholar]
- McCornack, B.P.; Ragsdale, D.W. Efficacy of thiamethoxam to suppress soybean aphid populations in Minnesota soybean. Crop Manag. 2006, 5, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kerns, D.L.; Stewart, S.D. Sublethal effects of insecticides on the intrinsic rate of increase of cotton aphid. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2000, 94, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franco, J.C.; Suma, P.; da Silva, E.B.; Blumberg, D.; Mendel, Z. Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in Mediterranean countries. Phytoparasitica 2004, 32, 507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnier, J.; Grafton-Cardwell, B.; Polek, M. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV): Then and now. Citrograph 2010, 1, 16–23. [Google Scholar]
Sr. | Description | Score | Reaction |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Disease symptoms are not present | 0 | Immune |
2 | Few spots present on the tip, covers less than 10% leaf area | 1 | Resistant |
3 | Purplish brown patches, covers less than 20% leaf area | 2 | Moderately resistant |
4 | Patches along paler outer region, covers up to 40% leaf area | 3 | Moderately susceptible |
5 | Long lines are present, covers up to 75% leaf area | 4 | Susceptible |
6 | Leaves completely dried, or its breakdown occurs from the stalk | 5 | Highly susceptible |
Sr. | Cultivars | Percent Disease Index (PDI) | Aphid Population (per Plant) | Score | Reactions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Early Fruiter | 20 k | 49 i | 2 | MR |
2 | Sweet Lemon | 33 j | 83 h | 3 | MS |
3 | Mayer Lemon | 33.06 j | 85 h | 3 | MS |
4 | Saccri | 39.33 i | 93 gh | 3 | MS |
5 | Malta | 40 h | 101 fgh | 3 | MS |
6 | Zarica XI | 41.33 h | 106 fgh | 4 | S |
7 | Jafa | 41.50 h | 116 efg | 4 | S |
8 | Kinnow | 46.16 g | 120 efg | 4 | S |
9 | Grape Fruit | 52.90 f | 129 def | 4 | S |
10 | Feultral’s lemon | 56.83 e | 142 cde | 4 | S |
11 | Mitha | 66.53 d | 157 bcd | 5 | HS |
12 | Red blood | 69.33 c | 165 bc | 5 | HS |
13 | China Lemon | 80 b | 175 ab | 5 | HS |
14 | Mangal Singh | 85.90 a | 203 a | 5 | HS |
LSD | 1.3026 | 29.93 |
Concentration | Concentration | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | 3 g L−1 | 5 g L−1 | 7 g L−1 | Mean |
NPK | 28.90 e | 26.77 f | 24.50 g | 26.72 c |
Zinc | 22.80 h | 21.63 hi | 18.83 j | 21.09 d |
Micro-Mix | 46.60 b | 42.53 e | 39.60 d | 42.91 b |
Leuran | 21.93 hi | 20.80 i | 17.63 j | 20.12 d |
Control | 85.80 a | 85.80 a | 85.80 a | 85.90 a |
Mean | 41.23 a | 39.55 b | 37.27 c |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Raza, H.; Younas, M. Evaluation of Citrus Cultivars for Tolerance to Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), Aphis gossypii and Their Management by Limiting Vector Population. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2023, 27, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECAG2023-15754
Raza H, Younas M. Evaluation of Citrus Cultivars for Tolerance to Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), Aphis gossypii and Their Management by Limiting Vector Population. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2023; 27(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECAG2023-15754
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaza, Hassan, and Muhammad Younas. 2023. "Evaluation of Citrus Cultivars for Tolerance to Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), Aphis gossypii and Their Management by Limiting Vector Population" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 27, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECAG2023-15754