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9 November 2025

Thermodynamics and Nonlocality in Continuum Physics

and
1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Ambiente Territorio Architettura e Matematica, Università di Brescia, Via D. Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Università di Genova, Via All’Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Thermo2025, 5(4), 51;https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo5040051 
(registering DOI)

Abstract

This paper is devoted to the modelling of nonlocality in continuum physics through constitutive functions that depend on suitable gradients. For definiteness, the attention is addressed to elastic solids, heat conductors, and magnetic solids. Models are developed where both the requirements of the second law of thermodynamics and the balance equations are satisfied for the constitutive functions that involve gradients of strain, temperature, heat flux, and magnetization. Concerning elastic and magnetic solids, it is shown that, depending on the chosen variables, the standard symmetry property of the stress holds identically. The models so developed are free from any hyperstress tensor frequently considered in the literature.

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