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Article

Transition-Metal-Free Access to 2-Subsituted Indolines from Indoles via Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition Using Two-Molecule Organic Photoredox Catalysts

by
Yosuke Tanaka
1,
Takumi Ikeda
1,
Yasuhiro Nachi
1,
Taisei Mizuno
1,
Kousuke Maeda
1,
Chisato Sakamoto
2,
Mugen Yamawaki
2,
Toshio Morita
1 and
Yasuharu Yoshimi
1,*
1
Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
2
Department of Chemistry and Biology, National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Genshi-cho, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photochem 2021, 1(3), 448-457; https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030027
Submission received: 28 September 2021 / Revised: 19 October 2021 / Accepted: 20 October 2021 / Published: 1 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoredox Catalysis 2021)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A Photoinduced dearomative nucleophilic addition to N-Boc indoles mediated by two-molecule organic photoredox catalysts such as phenanthrene and 1,4-dicyanobenzene with UV irradiation furnished 2-substituted indolines in moderate to quantitative yields. Hydroxide, alkoxide, and cyanide ions can be used as a nucleophile to provide 2-hydroxy, 2-alkoxy, and 2-cyanoindolines, respectively. Both electron-rich and -deficient indoles, including tryptophan derivatives, can be employed in the photoreaction to provide various indolines. This method provides transition-metal-free access to 2-subsituted indolines from indoles using organic photoredox catalysts under mild conditions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The category of 2-substituted indolines, such as 2-hydroxy- and 2-alkoxy-indolines, are structural components of a myriad of interesting natural compounds and synthetic intermediates (Scheme 1a) [1,2,3,4,5]. Some naturally occurring substances in this family exhibit a variety of interesting pharmacological properties. The dearomatization of indoles constitutes the most efficient strategy for accessing indolines [6,7,8,9]. Common methods developed for the synthesis of 2-alkoxyindolines generally involve cyclization reactions of tryptophol catalyzed by transition metals, such as Cu, Sc, Pd, Ru, and Ir, under harsh conditions, such as high temperatures [10,11,12,13,14,15], although several approaches that utilize arylhydrizines [16,17], anilines [18,19], or spirocyclopropanes [20] have been reported. With the aim of developing synthetic approaches that utilize less toxic and more readily available reagents under mild conditions, we have been investigating photochemical reactions using organic photoredox catalysts, as they constitute environmentally friendly methods wherein light is applied as a traceless reagent, and harsh reaction conditions, such as high temperature and pressure, are not required. We have recently reported photoinduced electron transfer (PET)-promoted reactions of carboxylic acids [21,22,23,24,25,26,27], arylboronic acids [28], indene [29,30], and electron-rich alkenes [31] catalyzed by two-molecule organic photoredox catalysts, such as a combination of phenanthrene (Phen) as an electron donor and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (1,4-DCB) as an electron acceptor, under UV irradiation (313 nm) (Scheme 1b). This finding encouraged us to explore the PET-promoted decarboxylation of amino acids and peptides for their modification [32,33,34,35]. During this investigation, it was unexpectedly revealed that a dearomative nucleophilic addition to the indole unit of tryptophan derivatives occurred under these photochemical conditions to create 2-substituted indolines. Examples of photoreactions involving indoles, including the Diels–Alder reaction [36,37,38] and oxidation [39,40,41], have been limited due to the high stability of indole under photochemical conditions. Although dearomative radical addition to indoles mediated by photoredox catalysts has been disclosed [42,43], a dearomative nucleophilic addition to a radical cation of indole via PET to yield 2-subsituted indolines is rarely reported and entails the use of transition-metal (Ru or Ir) photocatalysts [44,45]. Herein, we describe the development of a simple and environmentally friendly photochemical method for the preparation of 2-substituted indolines from indoles using organic photoredox catalysts (Scheme 1c). In addition, the substrate and nucleophile scope and suitable organic photoredox catalysts are elucidated in the photoreaction.

2. Materials and Methods

General Information

All of the reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers. IR spectra were recorded on an FT-IR spectrometer (JASCO FT/IR-620, Tokyo, Japan). 1H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 containing tetramethylsilane as an internal standard and were acquired on a 500 MHz spectrometer (JEOL JNM-ECX500, Tokyo, Japan). 13C NMR spectra were acquired on a 125 MHz spectrometer (JEOL JNM-ECX500). High-resolution mass spectra were obtained using double-focusing magnetic sector mass spectrometer coupled with FAB (JEOL JMS 700T, Tokyo, Japan). The UV-light source was a Riko UV-100HA high-pressure (100 W) mercury arc with cooling by water. Pyrex vessels (18 mm × 180 mm) were directly attached to the light source (λ > 280 nm, Phen or DCN mainly absorbs at 313 nm light). Column chromatography was performed on a Wakogel C-300 (Osaka, Japan), particle size 45–75 μm. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2a,b,d–g, 3, 4, 5, 7 were shown in Supplementary Materials.
  • General Procedure for the Preparation of N-Boc Indoles 1:
A CH2Cl2 solution (40 mL) of indoles (4.3 mmol), triethylamine (1.3 eq, 5.6 mmol, 0.77 mL), and DMAP (0.1 eq, 4.3 × 10−4 mol, 0.052 g) was added to (Boc)2O (1.2 eq, 5.2 mmol, 1.2 g) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL) under an Ar atmosphere and was mixed overnight at room temperature. The resulting solution was acidified by the addition of 1 M HCl until the pH decreased to 3, and it was extracted with Et2O three times and dried over Na2SO4, and the volatiles were removed through evaporation. The crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using hexane/EtOAc as the eluent to yield N-Boc indoles 1.
  • General Procedure for the Photoreaction of 1:
An aqueous CH3CN solution (CH3CN 36 mL, H2O 4 mL) of 1 (10 mM), Phen (30 mM), DCB (30 mM), and NaOH (10 mM) in Pyrex vessels (18 mm × 180 mm) was purged with Ar for 10 min. The mixture was irradiated using a 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp for 12 h, and the solvent was then removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using hexane/Et2O = 20:1 to 10:1 as the eluent to yield adduct 2. Photoreactions of 1 with NaCN or 6 without NaOH were performed under similar conditions to yield 5 or 7, respectively.
Low rotation of the amide moiety and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy and carbonyl groups (Boc) of the obtained products gave rise to complex 1H and 13C NMR spectra with broadened peaks in CDCl3; low solubility of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in d6-DMSO and d4-MeOH prevented their use to address this problem.
N-Boc 2-hydroxyindoline (2a): white solid; mp 59–61 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3452, 2975, 2930, 1685, 1612; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (s(br), 0.3H), 7.40 (s(br), 0.5H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.97 (m, 1H), 6.01−5.92 (m(br), 1H), 4.11 (s(br), 0.6H), 3.34 (m, 1.2H), 2.98 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.4, 151.3, 141.1, 140.2, 128.7, 127.2, 125.0, 122.7, 114.4, 83.5, 82.6, 81.8, 36.3, 35.5, 28.5; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C13H18NO3 236.1287, found 236.1276.
N-Boc 2-hydroxy-5-methylindoline (2b): white solid; mp 88–90 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3450, 2955, 1685, 1612; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 (s(br), 0.25H), 7.26 (s(br), 0.6H), 6.99 (m, 2H), 6.00−5.90 (m(br), 1H), 4.07 (s(br), 0.5H), 3.30 (m, 1.2H), 2.94 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.6, 138.0, 132.3, 128.8, 128.0, 125.8, 114.1, 83.7, 82.4, 81.7, 36.4, 35.6, 28.6, 21.0; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C14H20NO3 250.1443, found 250.1441.
N-Boc 5-fluoro-2-hydroxyindoline (2d): colorless oil; IR (neat, cm−1) 3455, 2950, 1690, 1615; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (s(br), 0.3H), 7.32 (s(br), 0.5H), 6.88 (m, 2H), 6.02−5.93 (m(br), 1H), 4.16 (s(br), 0.5H), 3.30 (m, 1.3H), 2.95 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.6, 138.0, 132.3, 128.8, 128.0, 125.8, 114.1, 83.7, 82.4, 81.7, 36.4, 35.6, 28.6, 21.0; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C13H17FNO3 254.1192, found 254.1194.
N-Boc 5-cyano-2-hydroxyindoline (2e): white solid; mp 118–120 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3424, 3000, 2975, 2234, 1711, 1610; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.89 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.43−7.51 (m, 2.5H), 6.04 (s (br), 1H), 4.13 (s (br), 0.4H), 3.36 (m, 1.3H), 3.02 (d, J = 17.0 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.8, 158.2, 153.3, 151.3, 137.2, 136.5, 130.7, 129.9, 115.0, 113.9, 113.7, 112.5, 112.3, 112.2, 112.0, 83.8, 83.6, 82.8, 82.0, 36.3, 35.6, 29.8, 28.5; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C14H17N2O3 261.1239, found 261.1246.
N-Boc 2-hydroxy-5-methoxycarbonylindoline (2f): colorless oil; IR (neat, cm−1) 3439, 2983, 2951, 1703, 1613; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.85−7.93 (m, 2.5H), 7.43 (s (br), 0.5H), 6.05 (s (br), 1H), 4.05 (s (br), 0.5H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.37 (m, 1.2H), 3.02 (d, J = 17.2 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.9, 153.0, 144.0, 130.2, 128.6, 126.3, 124.5, 113.7, 84.0, 83.4, 52.0, 35.8, 35.0, 28.4; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C15H20NO5 294.1341, found 294.1315.
N-Boc 2-hydroxy-3-methylindoline (2g): white solid; mp 84–86 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3466, 3114, 1692; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.79 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.40 (s (br), 0.5H), 7.23−7.12 (m, 2H), 7.00 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (m(br), 1H), 4.07 (s, 0.4H), 3.30−3.17 (m, 1.2H), 1.62 (s, 9H), 1.32 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 153.8, 139.7, 134.2, 127.9, 124.2, 122.9, 114.4, 100.1, 90.8, 42.3, 28.6, 19.3; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C14H20NO3 250.1443, found 250.1439.
N-Boc 2-methoxyindoline (3): colorless oil; IR (neat, cm−1) 2976, 2929, 1702, 1604; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.51 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.23−7.15 (m, 2H), 6.98 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (m(br), 1H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.91 (d, J = 17.5 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.6, 140.9, 129.6, 127.3, 124.6, 122.9, 115.8, 89.8, 81.4, 55.3, 35.8, 28.4; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C14H20NO3 250.1443, found 250.1420.
N-Boc 2-ethoxyindoline (4): colorless oil; IR (neat, cm−1) 2950, 1690, 1615; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82−7.37 (m(br), 0.6H), 7.23−7.15 (m, 2H), 6.98 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (m(br), 1H), 3.71−3.65 (m(br), 2H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.93 (d, J = 17.3 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (s, 9H), 1.19 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 127.3, 122.8, 116.0, 88.7, 36.2, 29.7, 28.4, 15.4, 14.1; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C15H22NO3 264.1600, found 264.1599.
N-Boc 2-cyanoindoline (5): white solid; mp 111–112 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 2981, 2934, 2230, 1697, 1603; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.85 (s (br), 0.5H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.18 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (s (br), 1H), 3.54−3.59 (m, 1H), 3.39 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 151.9, 141.0, 128.5, 124.6, 123.2, 118.7, 115.1, 83.2, 48.6, 33.6, 28.2; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C14H17N2O2 245.1290, found 245.1269.
Major diastereomer of 7: white solid; mp 71–73 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3347, 3356, 2974, 2951, 1739, 1712, 1693, 1602, 1509; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.82 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.42 (s (br), 0.5H), 7.33−7.32 (m, 1H), 7.24–7.22 (m, 1H), 7.02 (m, 1H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.18 (m, 1H), 4.56 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s (br), 0.5H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.22 (s, 1.2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.61 (s, 9H), 1.47 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.0, 155.4, 153.4, 151.3, 140.5, 139.8, 131.5, 130.9, 128.2, 125.4, 125.0, 123.0, 114.6, 89.1, 88.7, 82.8, 82.1, 80.2, 52.5, 51.3, 45.0, 43.9, 36.7, 28.4, 28.3; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C22H33N2O7 437.2288, found 437.2302.
Minor diastereomer of 7: white solid; mp 71–73 °C; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3361, 3324, 2974, 2932, 1739, 1708, 1693, 1602, 1509; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.80 (s (br), 0.2H), 7.42 (s (br), 0.3H), 7.22−7.15 (m, 2H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 5.73 (s (br), 0.6H), 5.33 (m, 0.7H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.39 (s, 0.1H), 3.15 (m, 0.9H), 2.36–1.96 (m, 2H), 1.62 (s, 9H), 1.46 (s, 9H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 172.7, 155.7, 140.1, 131.4, 128.2, 124.4, 122.8, 114.6, 88.1, 80.5, 80.1, 52.6, 52.4, 51.7, 37.1, 28.5, 28.3; HRMS (FAB, m/z) calcd for (M + H)+ C22H33N2O7 437.2288, found 437.2302.

3. Results and Discussion

Initially, we attempted to optimize the photochemical reaction conditions using N-Boc indole 1a (Boc = t-butoxycarbonyl) and various organic photoredox catalysts (Table 1). Irradiation (100 W high-pressure mercury lamp with a Pyrex glass filter; λ > 280 nm) of 1a (20 mM) in aqueous acetonitrile (CH3CN/H2O = 9:1, v/v) containing Phen (20 mM) and 1,4-DCB (20 mM) in an argon atmosphere for 6 h at room temperature afforded N-Boc 2-hydroxyindoline 2a (25%) as a racemic mixture, 60% recovered 1a, along with the near-quantitative recovery of Phen and 1,4-DCB (entry 1). Decreasing the concentration of 1a (10 mM) and increasing those of Phen and 1,4-DCB (30 mM) improved the yield of 2a (entries 2 and 3). The addition of NaOH (20 mM) as a nucleophile and prolonged irradiation time (12 h) increased the yield of 2a (73%, entry 4). These results indicated that to increase the efficiency of the photoreaction, a high concentration of the photoredox catalyst, long irradiation time, and a strong nucleophile were required because of the difficulty in dearomatizing 1a via the nucleophilic addition. In the absence of either light, Phen, 1,4-DCB, the photoinduced dearomatization of 1a did not proceed at all and almost recovered 1a (99%, 91%, 93%, entries 5–7). The influence of various photoredox catalysts in the photoreaction was evaluated (entries 8–12), and the use of naphthalene (NP), 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MNP), biphenyl (BP), 1,3-dicyanobenzene (1,3-DCB), 1,2-dicyanobenzene (1,2-DCB), and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene (1,4-DCN) instead of Phen and 1,4-DCB resulted in decreased product yields. Specifically, a combination of BP and 1,4-DCN accelerated the photoreaction, with 1a being completely consumed after 12 h, and decreased the yield of 2a, indicating that a secondary photoreaction of 2a had occurred as a result of the higher oxidation potential of BP compared to that of Phen (oxidation potential vs. SCE in acetonitrile: BP +1.95 V [46], Phen +1.50 V [47]) (entry 9). In fact, a shorter irradiation time (8 h) improved the yield of 2a (entry 13). Solvent screening indicated that aqueous CH3CN was the optimal solvent for the photoreaction (entries 14 and 15). Although catalytic amounts of Phen and 1,4-DCB (5 mM) accomplished photoredox catalysis, the yield of 2a was moderate after 12 h of irradiation time (43%, entry 16) due to the low efficiency of the photoreaction. Thus, a high concentration (30 mM) of Phen/1,4-DCB, a low concentration (10 mM) of 1a, and a long irradiation time (12 h) in the presence of NaOH (10 mM) as a strong nucleophile provided 2a in an almost quantitative yield (98%, entry 17).
To elucidate the role of the nucleophile, photoreactions of 1a were performed with a variety of nucleophiles in anhydrous CH3CN (Scheme 2). Employing stronger nucleophiles, such as NaOCH3 or NaOCH2CH3, led to low yields of addition products 3 (28%) and 4 (16%), respectively, within a shorter irradiation time (3 h), which was likely due to the occurrence of side-reactions and secondary photoreactions. In the absence of NaOCH3 or NaOCH2CH3, the use of CH3CN/CH3OH or CH3CN/CH3CH2OH as a solvent did not improve the yields of 3 or 4. In the case of KOt-Bu in CH3CN/t-BuOH = 9:1, the corresponding addition product was not observed. On the other hand, NaCN, a weaker nucleophile, afforded adduct 5, an intermediate for the preparation of a cardioprotective drug [48], at a moderate yield (42%), and higher concentrations of NaCN (30 and 50 mM) resulted in an increased yield of 5 (70% and 72%, respectively). Thus, in addition to C–O bond formation at the 2-position of indoline from indole, C–C bond formation using NaCN as a nucleophile was achieved.
Next, the scope and limitations of indole 1 in the photoreaction were explored (Figure 1). The photoreaction of N-Boc 5-methylindole 1b under the optimized photochemical conditions produced the corresponding indoline 2b at a 76% yield, whereas N-Boc 5-methoxylindole 1c with increased electron-donating capacity did not afford the recovery of 2c, and 1c was recovered (79%), which was probably because the enhanced electron-donating capacity of 1c disturbed the PET between Phen and 1,4-DCB. When electron-deficient indoles, such as N-Boc 5-fluorolindole 1d, N-Boc 5-cyanolindole 1e, and N-Boc 5-methoxycarbonylindole 1f, were subjected to the optimized photochemical conditions, low yields of 2d–f (trace, trace, and 10%) and high recoveries of 1d–f (74%, 93%, and 69%), respectively, were observed, indicating that the radical cation of Phen did not efficiently oxidize these electron-deficient indoles. The use of the BP/1,4-DCN system with enhanced oxidizing power provided moderate yields (54%, 57%, and 60%) of dearomatized addition products 2d–f, respectively. In addition, obtaining a moderate yield of 2g (67%) from the photoreaction of N-Boc 3-methylindole 1g with Phen/1,4-DCB within a shorter irradiation time (6 h) indicated that the presence of an alkyl group at the 3-position led to an increase in photochemical reactivity, but a prolonged irradiation time (12 h) decreased the yield to 2g (28%), owing to secondary photoreactions. Thus, the efficiency of a dearomative addition to 1 via PET is strongly dependent on electronic factors, that is, the donor and acceptor ability of the substituents at the 3- and 5-positons, and suitable selection of both the photoredox catalyst and irradiation time was required to increase the product yield.
Finally, the reaction of tryptophan derivative 6 was conducted under optimized photochemical conditions. In the absence of NaOH, 6 furnished the dearomatized addition product 7 as a diastereomeric mixture (major:minor diastereomer = 1.15:1) in 35% yield (Scheme 3). When NaOH was added or when BP/1,4-DCN was used instead of Phen/1,4-DCB, 7 was not observed, which was probably because side-reactions, such as hydrolysis, or because secondary photoreactions occurred. Photoinduced nucleophilic dearomatization of histidine derivative 8 bearing an imidazole was attempted, but the photoreaction did not proceed at all, and 8 was quantitatively recovered. In the cases of phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives bearing aromatic rings, a similar photoreaction entailing the formation of the corresponding radical cations via PET afforded debenzylated products, as reported by us [49]. Thus, in amino acids, the PET reaction pathway is strongly dependent on the structure of the amino acids bearing aromatic rings, and the formation of a radical tryptophan cation in an aqueous solvent furnished the dearomatized adduct.
From the aforementioned results, a plausible mechanism for the photoinduced dearomative nucleophilic addition to 1a is shown in Scheme 4. First, PET between the excited state of Phen and 1,4-DCB initiated by light absorption (mainly 313 nm) generates a Phen radical cation and 1,4-DCB radical anion. A second electron transfer between 1a and the radical cation of Phen forms the radical cation of 1a and Phen, and it is surmised from the oxidation potential of Phen (+1.50 V vs. SCE in acetonitrile) and 1a (indole: +1.16 V vs. SCE in acetonitrile [50]) that the electron transfer is an exothermic process. However, the efficiency of the electron transfer between the radical cation of Phen and indoles having electron-withdrawing substituents, as in the case of 1d–f, which was relatively low, and therefore, the addition products were not efficiently formed. In these cases, BP was more suitable as the photoredox catalyst due to the enhanced oxidizing ability of its radical cation. The nucleophilic addition to the radical cation of 1a forms the corresponding benzyl radical, and the sequential back electron transfer (BET) from the radical anion of 1,4-DCB to the benzyl radical generates a carbanion; protonation follows to yield 2a. The efficiency of the formation of 2a was relatively low, probably because the BET rates between the radical ion pairs (Phen/DCB or 1a/DCB radical ion pairs) were faster than the dearomative nucleophilic addition to the radical cation of 1a. Thus, both the sufficiently high photoredox catalyst concentrations and the high nucleophilicity of the nucleophile were required for the efficient formation of 2a whilst avoiding the occurrence of the side-reactions and secondary photoreactions.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, a new method for the preparation of 2-substituted indolines via a nucleophilic dearomative addition to indoles was achieved using organic photocatalysts (Phen/1,4-DCB or BP/1,4-DCN) under mild conditions. The efficiency of the photoreaction was strongly dependent on the electronic nature of the indole and the suitable selection of the photoredox catalyst. Further investigations into the application of this methodology to the modification of tryptophan-containing peptides are underway.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available onlineat https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/photochem1030027/s1, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2a,b,d–g, 3, 4, 5, 7.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, writing, supervision, and funding acquisition Y.Y.; investigation, Y.T., T.I., T.M. (Taisei Mizuno) and K.M.; data curation, Y.T., T.I. and Y.N.; analysis, C.S., M.Y. and T.M. (Toshio Morita). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid no. 20K05510, for scientific research, and the Asahi Glass Foundation.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in Supplementary Material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Photochem 01 00027 sch001 550
Scheme 1. (a) Examples of 2-hydroxy- and 2-alkoxy-indolines; (b) PET-promoted reactions of carboxylic acids, boronic acids, indene, and electron-rich alkenes (Previous work); (c) This work.
Scheme 1. (a) Examples of 2-hydroxy- and 2-alkoxy-indolines; (b) PET-promoted reactions of carboxylic acids, boronic acids, indene, and electron-rich alkenes (Previous work); (c) This work.
Photochem 01 00027 sch001
Photochem 01 00027 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Photoreaction of 1a with various nucleophiles.
Scheme 2. Photoreaction of 1a with various nucleophiles.
Photochem 01 00027 sch002
Photochem 01 00027 g001 550
Figure 1. Scope and limitation of indole 1 in the photoreaction using Phen/1,4-DCB or BP/1,4-DCN. a Irradiation time was 6 h. b BP/1,4-DCN were used as the photocatalyst.
Figure 1. Scope and limitation of indole 1 in the photoreaction using Phen/1,4-DCB or BP/1,4-DCN. a Irradiation time was 6 h. b BP/1,4-DCN were used as the photocatalyst.
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Photochem 01 00027 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Photoreactions of tryptophan derivative 6 and histidine derivative 8 using Phen/1,4-DCB.
Scheme 3. Photoreactions of tryptophan derivative 6 and histidine derivative 8 using Phen/1,4-DCB.
Photochem 01 00027 sch003
Photochem 01 00027 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Plausible mechanism for the photoreaction.
Scheme 4. Plausible mechanism for the photoreaction.
Photochem 01 00027 sch004
Table
Table 1. Optimization of the conditions for PET-promoted nucleophilic addition to 1a.
Table 1. Optimization of the conditions for PET-promoted nucleophilic addition to 1a.
Photochem 01 00027 i001
EntryPhotocatalysts and NaOHIrradiation Time/hYield of 2a/%Recovery of 1a/%
1Phen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM)62560
2 aPhen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM)63350
3 aPhen (30 mM), 1,4-DCB (30 mM)64744
4Phen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)12738
5 bPhen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)12099
61,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)12091
7Phen (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)12093
8NP (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)125126
91-MNP (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)123339
10Phen (20 mM), 1,3-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)126014
11Phen (20 mM), 1,2-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)126210
12BP (20 mM), 1,4-DCN (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)12400
13BP (20 mM), 1,4-DCN (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)8700
14 cPhen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)121066
15 dPhen (20 mM), 1,4-DCB (20 mM), NaOH (20 mM)125539
16Phen (5 mM), 1,4-DCB (5 mM), NaOH (20 mM)124333
17 aPhen (30 mM), 1,4-DCB (30 mM), NaOH (10 mM)1298trace
a [1a] = 10 mM. b In the absence of light. c In DMF /H2O = 9:1, v/v. d In THF /H2O = 9:1, v/v.
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Tanaka, Y.; Ikeda, T.; Nachi, Y.; Mizuno, T.; Maeda, K.; Sakamoto, C.; Yamawaki, M.; Morita, T.; Yoshimi, Y. Transition-Metal-Free Access to 2-Subsituted Indolines from Indoles via Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition Using Two-Molecule Organic Photoredox Catalysts. Photochem 2021, 1, 448-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030027

AMA Style

Tanaka Y, Ikeda T, Nachi Y, Mizuno T, Maeda K, Sakamoto C, Yamawaki M, Morita T, Yoshimi Y. Transition-Metal-Free Access to 2-Subsituted Indolines from Indoles via Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition Using Two-Molecule Organic Photoredox Catalysts. Photochem. 2021; 1(3):448-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030027

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanaka, Yosuke, Takumi Ikeda, Yasuhiro Nachi, Taisei Mizuno, Kousuke Maeda, Chisato Sakamoto, Mugen Yamawaki, Toshio Morita, and Yasuharu Yoshimi. 2021. "Transition-Metal-Free Access to 2-Subsituted Indolines from Indoles via Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition Using Two-Molecule Organic Photoredox Catalysts" Photochem 1, no. 3: 448-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030027

APA Style

Tanaka, Y., Ikeda, T., Nachi, Y., Mizuno, T., Maeda, K., Sakamoto, C., Yamawaki, M., Morita, T., & Yoshimi, Y. (2021). Transition-Metal-Free Access to 2-Subsituted Indolines from Indoles via Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition Using Two-Molecule Organic Photoredox Catalysts. Photochem, 1(3), 448-457. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem1030027

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