Local and Landscape Drivers of Ground Bird Flocking Behavior in Urban Parks of Buenos Aires City, Argentina
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Flock Surveys
2.3. Bird Species Surveys
2.4. Environmental Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Flock Structure
4.2. Flock Composition
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale | Variable | Mean | Range |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Local | Area (ha) | 4.15 | 0.36–19.36 |
Tree cover (%) | 26.32 | 9.52–38.55 | |
Lawn cover (%) | 30.9 | 7.46–73.67 | |
Bare ground cover (%) | 11.13 | 3.72–22.60 | |
Pedestrians/5 min | 12.93 | 2–39.18 | |
Noise (decibels) | 36.69 | 15–48.58 | |
Raptor presence | 0.38 | 0–1 | |
(b) Landscape | Isolation (km) | 0.54 | 0.01–1.05 |
Building type | House/high building |
English Name | Species | Diet | Flocks | Density | Proportion in Mixed Flocks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rock Dove | Columba livia * | Plant-Seed | 59 | 4.95 | 0.75 |
Picazuro Pigeon | Patagioenas picazuro | Plant-Seed | 33 | 1.61 | 0.88 |
Spot-winged Pigeon | Patagioenas maculosa | Plant-Seed | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Eared Dove | Zenaida auriculata | Plant-Seed | 63 | 3.40 | 0.73 |
Picui Ground-Dove | Columbina picui | Plant-Seed | 6 | 2.33 | 0.67 |
Green-barred Woodpecker | Colaptes melanochloros | Invertebrate | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Southern Caracara | Caracara plancus | VertFishScav | 2 | 1.50 | 1.00 |
Yellow-chevroned Parakeet | Brotogeris chiriri * | Frui-Nect | 1 | 3.00 | 1.00 |
Nanday Parakeet | Aratinga nenday * | Plant-Seed | 1 | 5.00 | 0.00 |
Monk Parakeet | Myiopsitta monachus | Plant-Seed | 39 | 6.54 | 0.69 |
Rufous Hornero | Furnarius rufus | Invertebrate | 7 | 1.14 | 1.00 |
Cattle Tyrant | Machetornis rixosa | Invertebrate | 1 | 2.00 | 1.00 |
Great Kiskadee | Pitangus sulphuratus | Omnivore | 1 | 2.00 | 1.00 |
Creamy-bellied Thrush | Turdus amaurochalinus | Frui-Nect | 2 | 1.50 | 1.00 |
Rufous-bellied Thrush | Turdus rufiventris | Omnivore | 44 | 3.07 | 0.64 |
Chalk-browed Mockingbird | Mimus saturninus | Invertebrate | 6 | 2.33 | 0.83 |
Saffron Finch | Sicalis flaveola | Plant-Seed | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Red-crested Cardinal | Paroaria coronata | Invertebrate | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rufous-collared Sparrow | Zonotrichia capensis | Plant-Seed | 3 | 3.33 | 0.33 |
Grayish Baywing | Agelaioides badius | Invertebrate | 11 | 3.36 | 0.55 |
Screaming Cowbird | Molothrus rufoaxillaris | Plant-Seed | 3 | 3.33 | 1.00 |
Shiny Cowbird | Molothrus bonariensis | Invertebrate | 10 | 2.70 | 1.00 |
House Sparrow | Passer domesticus * | Plant-Seed | 4 | 4.25 | 0.75 |
European Starling | Sturnus vulgaris * | Omnivore | 7 | 3.71 | 1.00 |
Response Variable | Parameter | Value | Std. Error | t-Value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Flock numbers | Intercept | −18.470 | 4.762 | −3.878 | 0.003 |
Tree cover | 0.372 | 0.091 | 4.080 | 0.002 | |
Bare cover | 0.389 | 0.136 | 2.867 | 0.017 | |
Lawn cover | 0.530 | 0.099 | 5.382 | <0.001 | |
Raptor presence | −4.607 | 2.079 | −2.216 | 0.051 | |
(b) Flock richness | Intercept | 3.218 | 0.439 | 7.334 | <0.001 |
Noise | −0.036 | 0.011 | −3.201 | 0.008 | |
Pedestrians | −0.020 | 0.007 | −2.819 | 0.017 | |
Raptor presence | 0.406 | 0.170 | 2.398 | 0.035 | |
(c) Flock size | Intercept | 6.919 | 0.610 | 11.35 | <0.001 |
(d) Mixed flock proportion | Intercept | 0.607 | 0.130 | 4.660 | <0.001 |
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Leveau, L.M. Local and Landscape Drivers of Ground Bird Flocking Behavior in Urban Parks of Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Birds 2025, 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6020023
Leveau LM. Local and Landscape Drivers of Ground Bird Flocking Behavior in Urban Parks of Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Birds. 2025; 6(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6020023
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeveau, Lucas M. 2025. "Local and Landscape Drivers of Ground Bird Flocking Behavior in Urban Parks of Buenos Aires City, Argentina" Birds 6, no. 2: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6020023
APA StyleLeveau, L. M. (2025). Local and Landscape Drivers of Ground Bird Flocking Behavior in Urban Parks of Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Birds, 6(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6020023