A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Changes in Earth’s orbital patterns: These changes can cause the Earth to receive more or less solar energy, which can lead to changes in temperature.
- Volcanic eruptions: Volcanic eruptions can release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which can trap heat and cause the planet to warm.
- Increase in greenhouse gas concentrations: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which can cause the planet to warm. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
- Managing greenhouse gas risks and identifying mitigation methods.
- Joining greenhouse gas programs.
- Joining greenhouse gas markets.
- Measuring and recording greenhouse gas emissions using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol of the World Resources Institute (WRI) and/or the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBC).
- Having an independent third-party review and certify the accuracy of the greenhouse gas emissions inventory and the plan to manage those emissions.
- Using a set of principles and guidelines to identify and assess different ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Economic and environmental evaluation of reduction and compensation alternatives.
- Identifying the boundaries for organizations and businesses.
- Allocating resources.
- Collecting activity data.
- Measuring greenhouse gas emissions.
- Determining mitigation measures.
- Balancing.
- Develop a methodology for quantifying GHG emissions using the procedures defined by ISO 14064, the GHG Protocol, and the reports released after COP meetings;
- Identify the main sources of GHG in a particular city;
- Address potential GHG reduction strategies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Goals of GHG Inventory
- Managing risks resulting from GHGs and identifying mitigation strategies: By understanding the risks of climate change, organizations can take steps to reduce their exposure to these risks. For example, they can develop strategies to cope with changes in weather patterns and rising sea levels.
- Public reporting and participation in GHG programs: This can help organizations to demonstrate their commitment to climate action and to meet the requirements of government regulations or voluntary programs.
- Participation in reporting programs: This can help organizations to compare their emissions to those of other organizations and to track their progress over time.
- Participation in carbon markets: This can help organizations to offset their emissions by purchasing carbon credits from other organizations that have reduced their emissions.
- Calculation of the impact of institutions’ activities on climate change: This can help organizations to understand the full extent of their impact on the climate and to develop strategies to reduce their emissions.
- Contributing to the formation and management of the Greenhouse Gas Management Plan: This can help organizations to develop and implement a plan to reduce their emissions.
- Raising awareness of employees and citizens on climate change, energy efficiency, and sustainability: This can help to encourage employees and citizens to take action to reduce their own emissions.
- Identifying risks associated with future GHG restrictions.
- Identifying cost-effective mitigation opportunities.
- Setting GHG targets.
2.2. Scope of GHG Inventory
- Quantities of natural gas, electricity, diesel oil, LPG, refrigerants, and fire tube gas.
- Purchased electronic items, paper, toner, and water consumption.
- Waste sent to disposal facilities.
2.3. Industry Based GHG Emission Calculations
2.3.1. Burning Fuel in Thermal Power Plants
- Steam boilers;
- Industrial furnaces;
- Turbines;
- Incinerators;
- Engines;
- Chimneys;
- Scrubber towers.
- Calculate the amount of carbonate consumed or gypsum produced.
- Multiply the amount of carbonate consumed or gypsum produced by the carbon dioxide content of carbonate (0.44 kg CO2/kg) or gypsum (0.71 kg CO2/kg).
- The resulting value is the amount of CO2 process emissions.
Emission Factor
Emissions Calculation Approach for Power Plants
- AD = Activity data (t or Nm3 fuel combusted)
- NCV = Net calorific value (J/ton or J/Nm3)
- EF = Emission factor (t CO2/J or t CO2/t)
- BR = Biomass ratio (0–100%)
- OF = Oxidation factor (0–100%)
- RF = Reduction factor (0–100%)
2.3.2. Oil Refinery Plants
Emissions Calculation Approach for Oil Refineries
2.3.3. Primary Aluminum Production and Processing
CO2 Emissions
PFC Emissions
2.4. City or Municipality Based GHG Emission Calculations
- Choose a reference year. This is the year that will be used as the basis for the inventory. The reference year should be chosen carefully, as it will affect the accuracy of the inventory.
- Identify the facilities to be included. This includes all facilities that are owned or operated by the organization.
- Determine the resources to be included. This includes all resources that are used by the facilities, such as energy, water, and materials.
- Choose a methodology for calculating emissions. There are a variety of methodologies that can be used to calculate GHG emissions. The methodology chosen should be appropriate for the organization and the resources being considered.
- Calculate the emissions. This involves using the chosen methodology to calculate the emissions from all identified sources.
- Report the emissions. The emissions should be reported to the organization’s management, to governments, or to the public.
3. Discussion
3.1. Scopes and Sources of GHG Emissions
3.1.1. Scope 1: Emissions Released Directly from Sources
3.1.2. Scope 2: Indirect Emissions from Energy Purchased
3.1.3. Scope 3: Indirect Emissions from Third Parties
- Procurement: This includes emissions from the extraction and processing of raw materials, as well as the transportation of these materials to the organization.
- Manufacturing: This includes emissions from the production of the product, as well as the transportation of the product to the point of sale.
- Distribution: This includes emissions from the transportation of the product to the customer.
- Use: This includes emissions from the use of the product, such as emissions from driving a car or using electricity.
- End-of-life: This includes emissions from the disposal of the product, such as emissions from recycling or incineration.
3.2. Identifying Greenhouse Gas Data
3.2.1. Activity Data
3.2.2. Quantification Methodology
3.3. Accounting and Reporting Principles
- Relevance: The data collected should be relevant to the organization’s emissions.
- Completeness: The data collected should be complete, covering all sources of emissions.
- Consistency: The data collected should be consistent over time, so that trends can be identified.
- Objectivity: The data collection and reporting process should be transparent, so that stakeholders can understand how the data was collected and reported.
- Accuracy: The data collected should be accurate, so that the emissions estimates are reliable.
- Measurability: The data collected should be measurable, so that the emissions estimates can be verified [19].
3.3.1. Direct Emissions
3.3.2. Other Indirect Emissions
3.4. GHG Inventory Preparation
3.4.1. Fixed Units
Methodology
Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings
Power Plants
Industrial Energy Use
3.4.2. Mobile Units
Road Transportation
Railroad Transportation
Aviation
- Identify the aircraft that operate at each airport within the border.
- Collect data on the number of LTO cycles for each aircraft type.
- Use the emission factors for each aircraft type to estimate the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted.
Off-Road
3.4.3. Waste Management
Waste Landfilling
- Removing dirt, litter, and other debris from streets and sidewalks;
- Treatment sludge;
- Landfills receiving waste from transfer stations;
- Waste generated at customs during the process of importing, exporting, or transiting goods;
- Processed hospital waste;
- Waste produced at industrial plants.
- Transportation of recycled materials to the waste recovery plants;
- Biological or thermal treatment of waste;
- Storage.
Biological Waste Treatment
Combustion
Wastewater Disposal
3.5. Emission Factors
3.6. GHG Emissions Management and Reduction
- ISO 14064: This is an international standard that provides a framework for GHG accounting and verification. It consists of three parts.
- Greenhouse Gas Protocol: This is a voluntary framework that provides a standardized approach to measuring and reporting GHG emissions. It consists of four main components.
3.6.1. Recommendations for the Reduction of GHG Emissions
Air Quality
Water Management
Waste Management
Energy Management
Supply Chain Management
Organization Management
Climate Action
4. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Principle | Description |
---|---|
Relevance | Greenhouse gas emissions must be generated by activities and consumption that take place within the city limits |
Completeness | All sources of greenhouse gas emissions within the city’s inventory boundaries must be taken into account |
Consistency | Organizations must calculate their emissions in a consistent and standardized way, using the preferred methodologies |
Objectivity | To verify an organization’s GHG emissions, the organization must clearly list and explain the activity data, emission sources, emission factors, and calculation methods used |
Accuracy | The measurement of greenhouse gas emissions should be accurate and reliable |
Measurability | The data needed to complete the greenhouse gas inventory should be accessible in a reasonable amount of time and at a reasonable cost |
Emission Sources | Facility Type |
---|---|
Fixed Units | Residential Buildings |
Corporate Facilities | Commercial Buildings |
Energy Production | Power Plants |
Energy Use in Industry | Industrial Plants |
Fugitive Emissions | Leaking pipes, landfills, unpaved roads, storage piles, construction operations |
Mobile Units: Road, Railways, Ships, Planes | Cars, planes, ships, trains |
Waste landfilling | Landfills |
Biological Treatment of Waste | Biomethanization plants, composting plants |
Combustion | Waste incineration plants |
Wastewater Disposal | Wastewater treatment plants |
Industrial Processes | Industrial plants |
Agriculture and Forestry | Agricultural areas and forests |
GHG Emissions Sources | Indirect GHG Emissions |
---|---|
Landfilling | Landfills located outside the city borders are considered indirect emissions |
Waste treatment | Biological waste treatment plants outside of the city borders |
Combustion | Waste incineration plants outside of the city borders |
Wastewater disposal | Off-boundary wastewater discharges |
Road Transport | Road transport that crosses the border but starts and ends within the border |
Railways | Rail journeys that cross the border but start and end within the border |
Ships | Navigation trips that start within the border |
Planes | Aviation that starts and ends within the border |
Other | Scope 3 emissions that occur across borders |
CO2 | CH4 | N2O | Total CO2-e | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biodiesel | 9.45 kg CO2/gal | 0.14 g CH4/gal | 0.01 g N2O/gal | 9.45648 kg CO2-e/gal |
Landfill Gas | 0.025254 kg CO2/ft3 | 0.001552 g CH4/ft3 | 0.000306 g N2O/ft3 | 0.0254 kg CO2-e/ft3 |
Natural Gas | 0.05444 kg CO2/ft3 | 0.00103 g CH4/ft3 | 0.0001 g N2O/ft3 | 0.0545 kg CO2-e/ft3 |
Coal coke | 2819 kg CO2/s-ton | 273 g CH4/s-ton | 40 g N2O/s-ton | 2837.745 kg CO2-e/s-ton |
Crude Oil | 10.29 kg CO2/gal | 0.41 g CH4/gal | 0.08 g N2O/gal | 10.3241 kg CO2-e/gal |
Municipal Solid Waste | 902 kg CO2/s-ton | 318 g CH4/s-ton | 42 g N2O/s-ton | 922.466 kg CO2-e/s-ton |
Plastics | 2850 kg CO2/s-ton | 1216 g CH4/s-ton | 160 g N2O/s-ton | 2928.08 kg CO2-e/s-ton |
Kerosene | 10.15 kg CO2/gal | 0.41 g CH4/gal | 0.08 g N2O/gal | 10.1841 kg CO2-e/gal |
Propane | 5.72 kg CO2/gal | 0.27 g CH4/gal | 0.05 g N2O/gal | 5.7417 kg CO2-e/gal |
Liquefied Petroleum Gases | 5.68 kg CO2/gal | 0.28 g CH4/gal | 0.06 g N2O/gal | 5.7049 kg CO2-e/gal |
GHG | Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100 Years (kg CO2-e/kg) | GHG Sources |
---|---|---|
Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 1 | Fossil fuel combustion |
Methane (CH4) | 25 | Waste processing, natural gas, oil and coal production |
Nitrous Oxides (N2O) | 298 | Use of fertilizers |
Hydrofluorocarbons | 4–12,400 | Industrial by-products |
(HCFs) | ||
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) | 6630–23,500 | Production of aluminum, semiconductor, and refrigeration products |
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) | 25,500 | Production of circuit breakers and switchgear |
Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) | 16,100 | Production of semiconductors, LCD panels, and lasers |
Policy/Criteria | Definition |
---|---|
ISO 14064 | Part 1: Requirements for greenhouse gas management systems Part 2: Verification of greenhouse gas statements Part 3: Application of ISO 14064 to GHG projects |
GHG Protocol | Scope definition: This defines the boundaries of the GHG inventory. Inventory calculation: This calculates the amount of GHG emissions. Reporting: This communicates the GHG inventory to stakeholders. Verification: This ensures the accuracy of the inventory |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Encourage employees to use transportation methods that produce fewer carbon emissions | Provide employees with incentives to use public transportation or low-emission vehicles |
Provide employees with information about alternative transportation options, such as public transportation, biking, and walking | Public transport opening hours should be made available in electronic format to reduce paper consumption |
Provide secure bike parking for employees and visitors | Provide ample space for bike racks |
Use vehicles with lower carbon emissions for your fleet | Provide refueling stations for alternative fuels |
Implement measures to decrease the number of vehicles with only one occupant | Consider using carpooling or car sharing with friends, family, and colleagues |
Develop a transportation system that can quantify carbon emission reductions | Use a software or program that is licensed or approved by a government agency to calculate emissions |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Provide examples of implementing the targets of water consumption reduction | Create a yearly water consumption report that shows the percentage reduction |
Create a water management system that uses less water and works more effectively | Construct homes that use less water and using energy-efficient appliances at home |
Put into practice a comprehensive pest management (IPM) plan | Integrated pest management (IPM) is a method of controlling pests that uses both biological and chemical treatments. It emphasizes preventing pests through natural means, such as encouraging beneficial insects, rather than using chemical pesticides |
Encourage employees or visitors to reduce water consumption | To conserve water, use water-saving toilets and install a water-saving shower head |
Create educational programs about water quality and water consumption | Host seminars on water pollution and conservation |
Use water-efficient irrigation techniques to reduce your water consumption and save money | Irrigate your plants with non-potable water using drip irrigation |
Harvest and recycle greywater | Equip buildings with gray water treatment systems |
Use water-saving car washing methods | Use water-saving nozzles with automatic shutoff functionality |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Safely and easily dispose of hazardous waste, such as heavy metals, paints, sealants, adhesives, and batteries | Establish hazardous waste collection centers |
Develop a waste reduction plan and promote the reuse, donation, and recycling of waste materials | Distribute educational materials on waste reduction, reuse, and recycling |
Responsibly dispose of electronic waste (e-waste) by recycling or donating | Develop and implement social responsibility projects to facilitate the collection and recycling of e-waste |
Determine the amounts of waste and recycled waste generated annually | Reduce the amount of waste that goes to landfills by recycling, composting, donating, or reusing |
Start a recycling and composting program with easy-to-follow instructions on how to separate waste | Buildings must have clearly marked recycling bins |
Assess the current state of waste management facilities and establish goals for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste | Audits can be conducted by internal or external auditors |
Start a composting program | Provide educational materials on composting, including its processes and benefits |
Reduce the use of paper and purchase climate friendly office supplies | Cut down on paper usage with electronic document management |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Put in and use equipment that uses less energy | Energy management plans include switching off equipment that is not in use and setting equipment to low-power mode |
Track and record energy use each year | Tracking energy use on a monthly basis is the best way to find ways to save energy |
Create an energy plan to lower energy use and boost efficiency | Starting a community energy management system (CEMS) to change the way local planning is done by giving top priority to energy efficiency and renewable energy |
Encourage the use of renewable energy | Develop a way to make money by supporting renewable energy projects |
Switch to LED technology for indoor and outdoor lighting | Use LED lighting instead of traditional lights in new buildings |
Track energy use each year and set and reach goals to reduce it | Tracking your energy use each month is the best way to find ways to save energy |
Select energy efficiency strategies for your workplace | Examples of energy efficiency measures include turning off equipment at night and installing occupancy sensors |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Create a buying policy that gives priority to environmentally friendly, ethically produced, and locally made products and services | Get materials, goods, services, and supplies from sustainable sources in your business operations |
Review the criteria for sustainable purchasing with employees and suppliers each year | Bring in people who are skilled at buying things cheaply and organize purchasing by working together effectively |
Choose products that are good for the environment and made close to home | Choose to buy office supplies, cleaning products, food, drinks, and seafood that are made locally and are good for the environment |
Buy electronics and housing appliances from companies that care about the environment | Encourage businesses to make products that are good for the environment |
Request a shipping reduction plan from your suppliers | Switch to transportation methods that produce less greenhouse gas emissions per person or per unit of cargo transported |
Track total purchases and the percentage of those purchases that are green | Start buying products and services with a lower carbon footprint |
Use only as much packaging as is necessary to protect the product and prevent damage | Use less packaging, choose climate friendly materials, and reuse them whenever possible |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Provide training to employees on sustainability policies at least once a year, or more often if needed | Prioritize sustainability and take calculated risks to innovate |
Assign a staff member to be responsible for implementing the sustainability program | Identify sustainability programs, projects, and initiatives |
Develop a sustainability plan | Develop the ability to continuously identify issues that affect your organization’s long-term growth and build the knowledge and skills to deal with adverse factors |
Teach new employees about the company’s sustainability goals and objectives | Make sure that your recruiting materials and job descriptions highlight the company’s sustainability goals and objectives |
Suggestions | Guidelines |
---|---|
Organizations are required to implement climate action plans to reduce operational emissions | Think about ways to manage your energy use, reduce your emissions, and choose low-emission transportation options |
Companies must establish a travel policy that promotes sustainability and reduces carbon emissions | Provide employees with information about sustainable travel options |
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Yaman, C. A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint. Gases 2024, 4, 18-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases4010002
Yaman C. A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint. Gases. 2024; 4(1):18-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases4010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaman, Cevat. 2024. "A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint" Gases 4, no. 1: 18-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases4010002