Abstract
In this research, a novel DES (choline chloride + decanoic acid) was synthesized, and SBA-15 was functionalized by the DES to form a DES-SBA filler to fabricate MMMs. DES-SBA-based MMMs at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were synthesized and evaluated. The DES-SBA-based MMMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gas permeation tests were applied to the pure and mixed gas samples, and the results of the permeability and selectivity (CO2/CH4, and CO2/N2) of the membranes are reported. DES modification of SBA-15 increased the efficiency of the synthesized MMMs in comparison with the pristine polysulfone membrane.
1. Introduction
Human outputs have contributed to releasing a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas into the climate, which is the major cause of global warming and air pollution [1].The typical sources of CO2 emission include combustion of fossil fuels, natural gas streams, products of coal gasification, and biogas synthesis from anaerobic digestion [2]. As a result, it has turned out to be a big challenge for humankind to reduce CO2 in the biosphere [3]. The major challenge faced on an industrial scale is the removal of harmful gases or contaminants from mixtures of several gases [4]. The most employed industrial techniques used for said purpose include pressure swing adsorption, chemical absorption by means of reactive solvents, and cryogenic separation [5], but these techniques involve considerably high capital costs and complex apparatus and consume large amounts of energy as compared to membranes [2].
In this study, a deep eutectic solvent was synthesized by mixing choline chloride with decanoic acid to modify SBA-15. This combination was used due to the amine and carboxyl groups of choline chloride and decanoic acid, respectively. The modified material, that is, the combination of hybrid materials of organic and inorganic compounds, was used as a filler and Polysulfone was used as a polymeric support in MMMs. The MMMs of different compositions were synthesized and evaluated by a gas permeation analyzer, and the incorporation of DES-functionalized SBA-15 was proven to be better filler in MMMs for mitigation of CO2 from gaseous mixtures.
2. Methods
2.1. Synthesis of SBA-15
SBA-15 was synthesized according to a previously reported method [6]. In short, 12 mL DI water was used to dissolve 2 g Pluronic P123 at 40 °C, and then 60 mL of 2 M HCl was added to it and agitated for 3 h. The mixture was placed in a Teflon-lined hydrothermal autoclave for 24 h at 100 °C. The product was filtered and washed using DI water and dried at room temperature. The calcinations of the yield were performed for 6 h at 600 °C [7,8].
2.2. Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvent
The DES was synthesized by mixing choline chloride, i.e., HBA, and decanoic acid, i.e., HBD, in a round-bottom flask at 80 °C for 3 h with continuous agitation using a magnetic stirrer at 100 rpm. Equal amounts (1:1) of both components were used by mass to form a homogeneous composition of the DES [9,10].
2.3. Functionalization of SBA-15 by DES
The synthesized SBA-15 was functionalized by the synthesized DES using a solvent evaporation technique. The SBA-15 and choline chloride/decanoic acid-based DES was mixed with ethanol at 8:1 by mass and subjected to vigorous mixing for 6 h. The mixture was dried at room temperature for 24 h until complete evaporation of the ethanol. The dried particles of the synthesized DES-functionalized SBA-15 were named DES-SBA [11].
2.4. Synthesis of Mixed Matrix Membranes
The membranes were formulated using the compositions presentedin Table 1. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and polysulfone were mixed first and then the DES-SBA filler was added. The mixing took place at 350 rpm for 24h at 35 °C to obtain a uniform mixture. The homogeneous mixture was placed in a flat-bottom Petridish and covered with an inverted funnel for another 24 h to synthesize dried MMMs [11].
Table 1.
Composition of MMMs.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Figure 1 shows the surface as well as cross-sectional images of different compositions of the synthesized membranes. It is clear that the porosity of the membranes increased with the increase in filler loading. Clear pores can be seen in all the images of the cross-sectional view, and the dispersion of the filler can be observed in the surface images. The images of the membranes show that the filler was uniformly distributed over the membranes. The cross-section images show the small pores in the membrane that allow CO2 to pass through.
Figure 1.
Surface and cross-sectional morphology of synthesized MMMs.
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Figure 2 shows FTIR spectra for SBA-15, DES-SBA, PSF, and the DES-SBA-based synthesized MMMs of different filler loadings. In the figure, the characteristic peaks of polysulfone are suppressed with the increase in filler loading. This suppression shows the interaction of the filler with the polymer, i.e., PSF. Additionally, the characteristic peaks of mesoporous silica are also merged among these peaks of PSF.
Figure 2.
FTIR spectra of SBA-15, DES-SBA, and the synthesized MMMs.
3.3. Gas Permeation Analysis
Gas permeation analysis was performed to evaluate the permeability of CO2 and the relative selectivities of the synthesized MMMs at room temperature and 10 bar pressure; the findings can be seen in Figure 3a,b. The permeability of the pure PSF membrane DS-0 was 6.06 barrers, and it was increased upto 22.3 barrers by using the 20% filler in the DS-4 membrane. The permeability of CO2 was enhanced with the addition of the DES-SBA filler and gradually increased by increasing the filler loading, which refers to the fundamental characteristic of DES-SBA, which leads to the fact that the filler has specific pores to provide passage for the selective gas. The selectivity of the mixed gas pairs CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 was also increased with the increase in filler loading, and a very large difference was reported in comparison with the pure PSF membrane DS-0. In the case of CO2/CH4, the selectivity of DS-0 was 23.31, and it was gradually increased upto 57.18 for DS-4; in the case of CO2/N2, the selectivity of DS-0 was 25.44, and it was gradually increased upto 59.9 for DS-4. This increase in the selectivities of the MMMs refers to the strong interaction between the DES-SBA filler and the polymer. The increasing concentration of the DES-SBA filler in the polymeric complex allowed the molecules of the gas to diffuse into the pores of the MMMs following the mesoporous channel, resulting in the high performance of CO2 mitigation from the mixed gases. Hence, the permeation evaluation highly supports the hypothesis of this study.
Figure 3.
Gas permeation analysis: (a) permeabilities and selectivities of synthesized MMMs for CO2/CH4 gas mixture; (b) permeabilities and selectivities of synthesized MMMs for CO2/N2 gas mixture.
4. Conclusions
This study focused on the synthesis of a choline chloride and decanoic acid-based DES and functionalization of SBA-15 by the DES to form a DES-SBA filler. MMMs at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% filler loadings were fabricated via a casting solution technique. The MMMs were characterized by SEM and FTIR. The gas permeation study was performed in terms of the permeability and selectivity of the MMMs. In the case of the CO2/CH4 mixed gas, the maximum permeability of CO2 at 20% filler loading was 22.3 barrers, and the maximum selectivity was 57.18; in the case of the CO2/N2 mixed gas, the maximum permeability and selectivity were 25.16 barrers and 59.9, respectively. Thus, the results show the defect-free mechanism of membrane synthesis, and it is concluded that the DES-SBA-based MMMs are potential candidates for CO2 mitigation from mixtures of gases.
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