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Open AccessEditorial

Preface and Peer Review Statement: Second Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium (SMTS 2025)

by Gábor Dogossy and Ferenc Szauter

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113081 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The Second Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium (SMTS 2025) took place in Győr, Hungary, from 16 to 18 October 2025 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1263 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Servo Motor Predictive Maintenance by Kafka Streams and Deep Learning Based on Acoustic Data

by Attila Aradi and Attila Károly Varga

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113001 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Servo motors, which are critical for high-precision industrial applications, require predictive maintenance to minimize downtime, aligning with Industry 5.0’s human-centric manufacturing. This study presents a system for Delta servo motors using acoustic data. An ESP32 LyraT module streams audio via HTTP to a [...] Read more.

Servo motors, which are critical for high-precision industrial applications, require predictive maintenance to minimize downtime, aligning with Industry 5.0’s human-centric manufacturing. This study presents a system for Delta servo motors using acoustic data. An ESP32 LyraT module streams audio via HTTP to a server, which forwards it to Apache Kafka. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) detect anomalies; Statistical Process Control (SPC) identifies early faults; and ARIMA, LSTM, and Prophet forecast maintenance. A device architecture with IP-based device ID and a GUI supports monitoring. Experiments with an ESP32 LyraT (Espressif Systems, Shanghai, China) monitoring Delta ASDA-A3 motors (Delta Electronics, Taipei, Taiwan) over 72 h achieved 91% anomaly detection accuracy for anomalous sounds, 84% early fault detection, and LSTM forecasting of MSE trends with MAE 0.0078 for 24 h predictions. The system supported 32 kB/s with <1% packet loss. The system offers accurate monitoring, advancing Industry 5.0. Future work will include vibration data and web dashboards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1484 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advancing Lubrication Modeling: A Preliminary Study of Finite Element Solutions for Cavitation-Aware Reynolds Equation

by Balázs Pere and Martin Lénárt

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113002 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In the modern automotive industry, one of the most challenging tasks is minimizing energy losses caused by friction. Despite its significance, only a limited number of numerical simulation tools are available for effectively addressing lubrication-related problems. The accurate modeling of lubrication phenomena requires [...] Read more.

In the modern automotive industry, one of the most challenging tasks is minimizing energy losses caused by friction. Despite its significance, only a limited number of numerical simulation tools are available for effectively addressing lubrication-related problems. The accurate modeling of lubrication phenomena requires solving a specialized form of the Navier–Stokes equations, which accounts for cavitation effects within a thin fluid film. To address this, a finite element software is currently under development to solve the Reynolds equation while incorporating cavitation effect. This advanced tool enables the precise simulation of how the microgeometry of contacting surfaces influences the lubrication characteristics of the fluid film. By optimizing these surface features, the research aims not only to reduce energy dissipation but also to ensure the long-term durability of mechanical components. The findings obtained thus far demonstrate promising improvements in lubrication efficiency and structural longevity. These results, along with the methodological advancements, will be presented in detail at the upcoming conference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Estimation of the Range of a Light-Duty Commercial Vehicle

by Peter Harth and Anna Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113003 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Electric vehicles are now a completely familiar part of the street scene. Their number is determined by many factors, one of the most significant of which is price. With the ever-increasing supply, it is becoming increasingly difficult for buyers to decide between different [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles are now a completely familiar part of the street scene. Their number is determined by many factors, one of the most significant of which is price. With the ever-increasing supply, it is becoming increasingly difficult for buyers to decide between different vehicles, as in many cases, there is a minimal difference between the two vehicles. A parameter influencing such a purchase is the vehicle’s range. Experience shows that in many cases the range given in the catalogue and the real, available range differ significantly. The available range changes dynamically while driving, typically showing a decreasing value. This research describes a range estimation model that takes into account driving habits and temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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10 pages, 1772 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Validation of the Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle System Model in the 3D Environment of the High-Speed Handling Module of the ZalaZONE Automotive Proving Grounds

by Emil Nagy, Árpád Török and József Gábor Pázmány

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113004 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Contemporary research on electric vehicle (EV) consumption is predominantly focused on the vehicle’s powertrain and battery technology. However, the analyses indicate that the actual state of the various electrical subsystems in the vehicle can have a significant impact on the overall consumption figures. [...] Read more.

Contemporary research on electric vehicle (EV) consumption is predominantly focused on the vehicle’s powertrain and battery technology. However, the analyses indicate that the actual state of the various electrical subsystems in the vehicle can have a significant impact on the overall consumption figures. The primary objective of this article is to demonstrate the capabilities of our vehicle simulation model, which was developed with a particular focus on the electrical subsystems of vehicles, when employed in a 3D digital representation of a real environment. The central scientific contribution of this work is the systematic quantification of subsystem-level energy usage in real-world scenario simulation. This provides a novel framework for the evaluation of EV energy distribution, thereby informing future strategies and models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 925 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Autonomous Vehicle Drifting Under Dynamically Changing Road Friction Using Adversarial Agents

by Szilárd Hunor Tóth and Zsolt János Viharos

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113005 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Autonomous vehicle control has undergone remarkable developments in recent years, especially in maneuvering at the limits of traction. These developments promise improved maneuverability and safety, but they also highlight a constant challenge: translating control strategies developed in simulation into robust, real-world applications. The [...] Read more.

Autonomous vehicle control has undergone remarkable developments in recent years, especially in maneuvering at the limits of traction. These developments promise improved maneuverability and safety, but they also highlight a constant challenge: translating control strategies developed in simulation into robust, real-world applications. The complexity of real-world environments, with their inherent uncertainties and rapid changes, poses significant obstacles for autonomous systems that need to dynamically adapt to unpredictable conditions, such as varying traction. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of robust adversarial reinforcement learning (RARL) for controlling circular drift maneuvers under dynamic road adhesion changes and uncertainties. The presented simulation results show that agents trained with RARL can enhance agents developed using only standard reinforcement learning techniques, where they were most critically vulnerable, such as sudden significant loss of traction during the drift initiation phase. This could present another step towards the application of more robust autonomous systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1152 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Extension of the Energetic Modeling of a Single-Stage Gear Unit to a Multi-Stage Constant Ratio Gear Unit

by József Polák

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113006 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The difficulty in designing gears to be installed in electric vehicles is caused by the fact that the efficiency of gears is generally treated as a constant value in the entire operating range, while these show significant differences in different operating ranges; therefore, [...] Read more.

The difficulty in designing gears to be installed in electric vehicles is caused by the fact that the efficiency of gears is generally treated as a constant value in the entire operating range, while these show significant differences in different operating ranges; therefore, it is necessary to examine the energy and efficiency of the gear, and to create a mathematical model, which can be optimally fitted into the vehicle’s drivetrain in terms of energy. I have performed this modeling in previous years for a single-stage gear unit. However, this model encounters physical limitations, since a larger gear ratio modification cannot be performed in one stage; the number of stages must be increased as the gear ratio increases. As the number of stages increases, the structure of the mathematical model changes, as changes to the gear unit must be incorporated into the model. In this article, an extension of the mathematical model of the gear unit is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Eye-Tracking Analysis of Rider Behavior and Handling Strategy in Motorcycle Racing

by Michael Bohm and Jan Fojtasek

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113007 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology to analyse the rider’s visual attention during racing on a Ducati Panigale V2 motorcycle. Using the TOBII Pro Glasses 2 system, the rider’s gaze dynamics were recorded, including fixations, eye movements (saccades) and gaze [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology to analyse the rider’s visual attention during racing on a Ducati Panigale V2 motorcycle. Using the TOBII Pro Glasses 2 system, the rider’s gaze dynamics were recorded, including fixations, eye movements (saccades) and gaze distribution on key sections of the track. The results revealed a link between gaze stability and cornering efficiency, particularly in optimising braking points and selecting the ideal trajectory. Identifying unstable visual behavior—such as frequent gaze deviations or constant switching between reference points—provides valuable insights for improving driving technique. This approach confirms the importance of eye-tracking as a tool for objective evaluation and optimization of rider performance in motorsport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 586 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Link Between Ride-Sharing Experience and Autonomous Vehicle Acceptance in the Context of Sustainable Mobility

by Réka Koteczki, Zoltán Szávicza and Boglárka Eisinger Balassa

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113008 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Sustainable transportation systems are becoming an increasingly important issue around the world, especially with the advancement of urbanisation. Autonomous vehicles and ride-sharing services represent innovative mobility solutions that can improve not only the efficiency of transportation but also its environmental sustainability. The aim [...] Read more.

Sustainable transportation systems are becoming an increasingly important issue around the world, especially with the advancement of urbanisation. Autonomous vehicles and ride-sharing services represent innovative mobility solutions that can improve not only the efficiency of transportation but also its environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to examine Hungarian consumers’ attitudes toward ride-sharing and their acceptance of AVs, with a focus on whether there is a link between the two phenomena. The research is based on a nationally representative sample of 2000 respondents. Correlation analyses were performed based on the dimensions of technology acceptance models. Based on the results, a significant positive correlation can be demonstrated between the willingness to use ride-sharing services in the future and the openness towards AVs. Perceived usefulness and social influence showed the strongest relationship with intention of usage. The results contribute to the social acceptance of autonomous technologies and sustainable transport in Hungary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1359 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of SLAM Methods for Small-Scale Autonomous Racing Vehicles

by Rudolf Krecht, Abdelrahman Mutaz A. Alabdallah and Barham Jeries B. Farraj

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113009 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a critical component of autonomous navigation, enabling mobile robots to construct maps while estimating their location. In this study, we compare the performance of SLAM Toolbox and Cartographer, two widely used 2D SLAM methods, by evaluating their [...] Read more.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a critical component of autonomous navigation, enabling mobile robots to construct maps while estimating their location. In this study, we compare the performance of SLAM Toolbox and Cartographer, two widely used 2D SLAM methods, by evaluating their ability to generate accurate maps for autonomous racing applications. The evaluation was conducted using real-world data collected from a RoboRacer vehicle equipped with a 2D laser scanner and capable of providing odometry, operating on a small test track. Both SLAM methods were tested offline. The resulting occupancy grid maps were analyzed using quantitative metrics and visualization tools to assess their quality and consistency. The evaluation was performed against ground truth data derived from an undistorted photograph of the racetrack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 889 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrating a Stereo Vision System on the F1Tenth Platform for Enhanced Perception

by Péter Farkas, Bence Török and Szilárd Aradi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113010 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

During the development of vehicle control algorithms, effective real-world validation is crucial. Model vehicle platforms provide a cost-effective and accessible method for such testing. The open-source F1Tenth project is a popular choice, but its reliance on lidar sensors limits certain applications. To enable [...] Read more.

During the development of vehicle control algorithms, effective real-world validation is crucial. Model vehicle platforms provide a cost-effective and accessible method for such testing. The open-source F1Tenth project is a popular choice, but its reliance on lidar sensors limits certain applications. To enable more universal environmental perception, integrating a stereo camera system could be advantageous, although existing software packages do not yet support this functionality. Therefore, our research focuses on developing a modular software architecture for the F1Tenth platform, incorporating real-time stereo vision-based environment perception, robust state representation, and clear actuator interfaces. The system simplifies the integration and testing of control algorithms, while minimizing the simulation-to-reality gap. The framework’s operation is demonstrated through a real-world control problem. Environmental sensing, representation, and the control method combine classical and deep learning techniques to ensure real-time performance and robust operation. Our platform facilitates real-world testing and is suitable for validating research projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1163 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Daimler-Benz Adhesion Test on Case-Hardened and DLC Coated Parts

by György Pócsik, Ferenc Oláh, Mihály Réger and Richárd Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113011 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study examines a duplex surface treatment combining case-hardening and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) techniques, widely used to enhance mechanical strength and surface durability of components under high wear conditions. Despite industrial relevance, understanding of the interaction between case-hardened substrates and Diamond-Like Carbon [...] Read more.

This study examines a duplex surface treatment combining case-hardening and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) techniques, widely used to enhance mechanical strength and surface durability of components under high wear conditions. Despite industrial relevance, understanding of the interaction between case-hardened substrates and Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) coatings remains limited. Using the Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C adhesion test, this research evaluates duplex-treated system performance, focusing on adhesion characteristics and mutual behavior between the support layer and DLC topcoat. The experimental approach assesses coating adhesion and substrate influence on coating integrity. Through systematic analysis, the study aims to optimize surface engineering practices for enhanced reliability and wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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10 pages, 4117 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Data-Driven Methodology for Rapid Identification of Key Performance Indicators in Motorcycle Racing

by Jan Fojtasek and Michael Bohm

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113012 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study presents a novel method for the rapid identification of key performance indicators (KPIs) from measured riding data of a Ducati Panigale V2 motorcycle, aimed at enhancing racing performance through a deeper understanding of rider-vehicle interaction. The methodology involves the design and [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel method for the rapid identification of key performance indicators (KPIs) from measured riding data of a Ducati Panigale V2 motorcycle, aimed at enhancing racing performance through a deeper understanding of rider-vehicle interaction. The methodology involves the design and implementation of mathematical tools within the RaceStudio3 software to analyze data from the motorcycle’s sensor system. This approach facilitates the swift detection of critical events, including gearshift delays, improper throttle control, and suspension issues. The fusion of data from the motorcycle enables a comprehensive evaluation of the rider’s influence on performance. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to provide valuable insights for optimizing motorcycle setup and rider technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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6 pages, 1514 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

ROS 2-Based Framework for Semi-Automatic Vector Map Creation in Autonomous Driving Systems

by Abdelrahman Alabdallah, Barham Jeries Barham Farraj and Ernő Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113013 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

High-definition vector maps, such as Lanelet2, are critical for autonomous driving systems, enabling precise localization, path planning, and regulatory compliance. However, creating and maintaining these maps traditionally demands labor-intensive manual annotation or resource-heavy automated pipelines. This paper presents an ROS 2-based framework for [...] Read more.

High-definition vector maps, such as Lanelet2, are critical for autonomous driving systems, enabling precise localization, path planning, and regulatory compliance. However, creating and maintaining these maps traditionally demands labor-intensive manual annotation or resource-heavy automated pipelines. This paper presents an ROS 2-based framework for semi-automatic vector map generation, leveraging Lanelet2 primitives to streamline map creation while balancing automation with human oversight. The framework integrates multi-sensor inputs (LIDAR, GPS/IMU) within ROS 2 to extract and fuse road features such as lanes, traffic signs, and curbs. The pipeline employs modular ROS 2 nodes for tasks including NDT and SLAM-based pose estimation and the semantic segmentation of drivable areas which serve as a basis for Lanelet2 primitives. To promote adoption, the implementation is released as an open source. This work bridges the gap between automated map generation and human expertise, advancing the practical deployment of dynamic vector maps in autonomous systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1238 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Lubricant Aging and Flow Rate on Bifurcation Speed and Vibration in Automotive Turbochargers

by Máté Boros, Adam Agocs and Márk Pesthy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113014 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Lubricants significantly influence the performance and durability of internal combustion engines (ICEs), yet fresh oils seldom represent in-service conditions. To replicate realistic end-of-life scenarios, lubricants were artificially degraded in sufficient quantities for experimental investigation. This study introduces a methodology to evaluate the impact [...] Read more.

Lubricants significantly influence the performance and durability of internal combustion engines (ICEs), yet fresh oils seldom represent in-service conditions. To replicate realistic end-of-life scenarios, lubricants were artificially degraded in sufficient quantities for experimental investigation. This study introduces a methodology to evaluate the impact of altered lubricants on turbocharger dynamics under controlled laboratory conditions. A comparative analysis was performed on turbochargers operating with fresh and aged oils of varying compositions to establish correlations between lubricant properties and vibrational response. Particular attention was given to sub-synchronous phenomena and their implications for rotordynamic stability. Variations in damping and stiffness were assessed under constant pressure and temperature to support mathematical modeling of lubricant degradation and viscosity evolution. Experiments were conducted on a cold turbocharger test bench equipped with acceleration, speed, and displacement sensors, while a mobile oil control unit ensured precise regulation of inlet oil pressure and temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 3703 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating the Impact of Environmental Factors on Autonomous Vehicle Sensors

by Daniel Csikor, János Hollósi and Ferenc Szauter

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113015 - 28 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The operation of autonomous vehicles requires the coordinated operation of a number of sensors to improve road safety. Data from the sensors are processed by vehicle control algorithms, which then make decisions. If there is a degradation in the efficiency of these sensors, [...] Read more.

The operation of autonomous vehicles requires the coordinated operation of a number of sensors to improve road safety. Data from the sensors are processed by vehicle control algorithms, which then make decisions. If there is a degradation in the efficiency of these sensors, the reliability of the whole system is affected. Different weather conditions affect the efficiency of the system. The research has identified the weather factors that affect the performance of the sensors based on a literature search. Following the literature analysis, a simulation test was carried out to investigate the extent to which the detection performance of a stereo video camera installed in an experimental autonomous vehicle is affected when part of the sensor is covered by a contaminant. The measurement was followed by a comparison of the vehicle and obstacle detection efficiency when the camera is completely clean and when part of the camera is covered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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11 pages, 1013 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparative Evaluation of Classical and Deep Learning-Based Visual Odometry Methods for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation

by Armand Nagy and János Hollósi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113016 - 29 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study introduces a comprehensive benchmarking framework for evaluating visual odometry (VO) methods, combining classical, learning-based, and hybrid approaches. We assess 52 configurations—spanning 19 keypoint detectors, 21 descriptors, and 4 matchers—across two widely used benchmark datasets: KITTI and EuRoC. Six key trajectory metrics, [...] Read more.

This study introduces a comprehensive benchmarking framework for evaluating visual odometry (VO) methods, combining classical, learning-based, and hybrid approaches. We assess 52 configurations—spanning 19 keypoint detectors, 21 descriptors, and 4 matchers—across two widely used benchmark datasets: KITTI and EuRoC. Six key trajectory metrics, including Absolute Trajectory Error (ATE) and Final Displacement Error (FDE), provide a detailed performance comparison under various environmental conditions, such as motion blur, occlusions, and dynamic lighting. Our results highlight the critical role of feature matchers, with the LightGlue–SIFT combination consistently outperforming others across both datasets. Additionally, learning-based matchers can be integrated with classical pipelines, improving robustness without requiring end-to-end training. Hybrid configurations combining classical detectors with learned components offer a balanced trade-off between accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency, making them suitable for real-world applications in autonomous systems and robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 3439 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Determination of Optimal Process Parameters for L-PBF Produced 1.2709 Alloy

by Balázs Lőrincz, András Lajos Nagy, Imre Fekete and István Hatos

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113017 - 29 Oct 2025

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Abstract

For L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) metal additive manufacturing (AM) the choice of available materials is still limited. 1.2709 maraging steel powders are widely used for injection molds and high-quality engineering parts. The quality of the parts produced by L-PBF are significantly affected [...] Read more.

For L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) metal additive manufacturing (AM) the choice of available materials is still limited. 1.2709 maraging steel powders are widely used for injection molds and high-quality engineering parts. The quality of the parts produced by L-PBF are significantly affected by the process parameters. The aim of this research was to find optimal process parameters for producing 1.2709 tool steel at a layer thickness of 20 µm and to reveal the possible parameter settings yielding comparable build quality as the “EOS surface” parameter set at a layer thickness of 20 µm. Findings showed that too low or too high input energies produce improper parts. A large range of parameters produce good quality parts, of which the optimum parameters can be chosen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mobile and Web Tools for Analyzing Driver Mental States in Simulated Tests

by Viktor Nagy and Gábor Kovács

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113018 - 29 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Enhancing road safety requires an accurate assessment of the drivers’ mental states. The Driver Status Test App (DSTA) is designed to detect conditions such as intoxication, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in simulated driving environments. Utilizing a dual-platform approach, it integrates mobile data collection [...] Read more.

Enhancing road safety requires an accurate assessment of the drivers’ mental states. The Driver Status Test App (DSTA) is designed to detect conditions such as intoxication, fatigue, and cognitive impairment in simulated driving environments. Utilizing a dual-platform approach, it integrates mobile data collection via React Native and Firebase with web-based management using React and TypeScript. The mobile application conducts real-time assessments of cognitive and motor functions, while the web interface offers data visualization, trend analysis, and results exportation. DSTA evaluates driver impairment through metrics such as tracking, precision, balance, and choice reaction, producing an objective impairment score. These assessments are rapid, scalable, and adaptable for various research and regulatory purposes. The composite scoring framework differentiates between impaired and unimpaired states, making DSTA valuable for driver training programs, regulatory assessments, and autonomous vehicle research, where monitoring human factors is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 2831 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Printing Parameters on the Tensile Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane

by Sándor Kálmán Jakab and László Lendvai

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113019 - 29 Oct 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament was used to fabricate specimens through material extrusion (MEX)-based 3D printing technique with varying printing parameters. Nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm were used, while the printing infill orientation (also denoted as raster angle) was either parallel [...] Read more.

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament was used to fabricate specimens through material extrusion (MEX)-based 3D printing technique with varying printing parameters. Nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm were used, while the printing infill orientation (also denoted as raster angle) was either parallel (0°) to the length of the specimens, perpendicular to it (90°), or at a 45° angle with alternating direction in each layer (±45°). Tensile tests were conducted to determine tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break of the samples. The highest tensile strength was achieved using a 0.8 mm nozzle diameter and 0° raster angle, reaching 32.5 MPa, with a corresponding Young’s modulus of 145.8 MPa. Meanwhile, the sample with the lowest modulus (100.4 MPa) and tensile strength (17.8 MPa) was the one 3D-printed with a 0.4 mm nozzle and 90° raster angle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2388 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Considerations of a Vibration Absorber with Nonlinear Stiffness for Power Electric Units

by Zoltan Gabor Gazdagh, Zoltan Gabos, Ádám Szabó, Bálint Dobrovics, Szargisz Szargszjan, Szabolcs Nagy and Zoltan Dombovari

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113020 - 29 Oct 2025

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Power electronic units (PEUs) in electric drivetrains are subjected to vibration loads that may lead to component fatigue through resonance. This research aims to understand the behavior of passive vibration absorbers and to establish a design approach for them. The proposed systematic design [...] Read more.

Power electronic units (PEUs) in electric drivetrains are subjected to vibration loads that may lead to component fatigue through resonance. This research aims to understand the behavior of passive vibration absorbers and to establish a design approach for them. The proposed systematic design of a nonlinear tuned mass damper (NTMD) for PEUs begins with the separate linear experimental analyses of the PEU and passive absorber. This linear approach is possible due to the Hartman–Grobman theorem. Then the nonlinearity is quantified through frequency sweep measurements. A two-degree-of-freedom (DoF) coupled model is developed for the NTMD, which can be used for analyzing certain parameter changes. To manage the load-dependent responses inherent to nonlinear behavior, design constraints on the attenuated bandwidth and absorber stiffness are introduced, providing clear and optimizable targets. By extending classical linear absorber design principles to nonlinear regimes, the proposed method enhances the durability and reliability of PEU components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2210 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Advanced Approach for the Analysis of the Rotor Dynamics of a Ball Bearing Turbocharger

by Pavel Novotný, Jiří Vacula, František Kocman and Antonín Krmíček

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113021 - 30 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Turbochargers operate under highly transient conditions, which impose significant mechanical and thermal loads on their rotating components. When supported by ball bearings combined with squeeze film dampers, the rotor system exhibits complex nonlinear dynamics that can critically affect bearing performance and service life. [...] Read more.

Turbochargers operate under highly transient conditions, which impose significant mechanical and thermal loads on their rotating components. When supported by ball bearings combined with squeeze film dampers, the rotor system exhibits complex nonlinear dynamics that can critically affect bearing performance and service life. This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of ball-bearing-supported turbocharger rotors, focusing on lubrication conditions that reflect transient operating conditions. A high-fidelity computational model was developed to simulate multibody rotor dynamics, incorporating finite element-based flexible bodies and elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) submodels to represent the contacts within the ball bearings. Validation of the simulation results against experimental data revealed that rotor vibrations significantly influence EHL contact, potentially leading to raceway damage. Additionally, differences in bearing loading between the inner and outer raceways, as well as between the compressor and turbine side bearings, were observed due to bearing clearance effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 977 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toward Sustainable 3D Printing: Tensile Mechanical Comparison of PLA/PBAT Biopolymer Blend and TPU in MEX Additive Manufacturing

by Sándor Kálmán Jakab and László Lendvai

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113022 - 29 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1413

Abstract

A biopolymer blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT) in a 60/40 weight ratio was investigated as a potential green alternative to thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for material extrusion (MEX)-based additive manufacturing. A comparison of the two materials was conducted [...] Read more.

A biopolymer blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT) in a 60/40 weight ratio was investigated as a potential green alternative to thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for material extrusion (MEX)-based additive manufacturing. A comparison of the two materials was conducted based on their tensile mechanical properties, evaluated using 3D-printed specimens fabricated with three distinct infill raster orientations (0°, ±45°, and 90°). The results showed that the tensile strengths of the two materials were relatively similar, ranging from 14.7 to 34.8 MPa, depending on the raster angle. However, the stiffness of PLA/PBAT was considerably higher than that of TPU, as reflected by Young’s modulus values an order of magnitude greater. While the elongation at break was comparable at 0° infill orientation (214% for PLA/PBAT and 265% for TPU), TPU exhibited better tolerance to increasing raster angles, with elongation only decreasing to 134% at 90°. In contrast, PLA/PBAT dropped drastically to 2%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1776 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Validation of a 1D Thermodynamic Simulation of a 4-Cylinder Turbocharged DI Engine with Testbench Measurements

by György Marton, Zoltán Szávicza and András Lajos Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113023 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 993

Abstract

This paper presents a one-dimensional (1-D) thermodynamic engine simulation validated through testbench measurements. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the 1-D model by comparing simulated results with experimental data from a modern 2-L turbocharged gasoline direct injection (DI) internal combustion engine [...] Read more.

This paper presents a one-dimensional (1-D) thermodynamic engine simulation validated through testbench measurements. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the 1-D model by comparing simulated results with experimental data from a modern 2-L turbocharged gasoline direct injection (DI) internal combustion engine featuring variable valve timing. Key parameters such as engine speed, air–fuel ratio, temperature, and pressure were measured under controlled conditions. Using AVL BOOST, simulation modeled combustion, valve timing, and thermodynamic processes across intake and exhaust systems. Simulation results were compared with experimental data across various steady-state operating points. The model demonstrated strong agreement with experimental results in steady-state operation. A few differences highlight the need for further refinement of the model. The study confirms the effectiveness of 1-D simulations as a reliable and cost-efficient tool for engine analysis and optimization. Future work will focus on enhancing the accuracy of the simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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6 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Autonomous Navigation: Real-Time LIDAR Detection of Roads and Sidewalks in ROS 2

by Barham Jeries Barham Farraj, Abdelrahman Alabdallah, Miklós Unger and Ernő Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113024 - 31 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2711

Abstract

Autonomous navigation in urban environments demands robust real-time detection of drivable surfaces despite high-throughput LIDAR data. While majority of current approaches often rely on camera-based or multi-sensor fusion systems, this paper introduces an enhancement of our previous LIDAR-centric solution integrated within the Robot [...] Read more.

Autonomous navigation in urban environments demands robust real-time detection of drivable surfaces despite high-throughput LIDAR data. While majority of current approaches often rely on camera-based or multi-sensor fusion systems, this paper introduces an enhancement of our previous LIDAR-centric solution integrated within the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) framework to address computational efficiency and precision challenges. We propose a parallelized algorithm suite for LIDAR-based road and sidewalk detection, achieving processing rates exceeding 20 Hz. Validation on the KITTI benchmark and own datasets demonstrates improved accuracy in complex urban scenarios compared to traditional ground-filtering techniques. To foster reproducibility, the ROS 2-compliant implementation, datasets, and evaluation scripts are publicly released. This work underscores the potential of LIDAR sensors coupled with modern robotic frameworks to enhance perception pipelines in autonomous systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2430 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Strain Rate Dependence of PLC Effect in AlMg4.5 Alloys

by Imre Czinege and Dóra Harangozó

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113025 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Tensile tests of AlMg4.5 alloy were carried out at six strain rates to study the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The measured engineering stress–time and engineering stress–engineering strain curves were evaluated by direct peak detection and reference function approximation. The waiting and decay times [...] Read more.

Tensile tests of AlMg4.5 alloy were carried out at six strain rates to study the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The measured engineering stress–time and engineering stress–engineering strain curves were evaluated by direct peak detection and reference function approximation. The waiting and decay times of the PLC effect, and the related stress jumps and drops, were determined. It was shown that, as a function of strain rate, the quotient of the decay and the waiting time forms a curve with a decreasing slope after an initial rapid rise; the same can be stated about the time derivative of the stress jumps. These relationships are suitable for identifying serrations that vary depending on the strain rate, in full harmony with the stress serration amplitudes observed in the tensile test diagrams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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10 pages, 2898 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Stress Serration Characteristics in AlMg3 Alloys

by Imre Czinege and Dóra Harangozó

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113026 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 420

Abstract

Aluminum–magnesium alloys show the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The aim of this publication is to provide a detailed analysis of the evaluation methods of this phenomenon using tensile tests at a strain rate range of 10⁻³ s⁻¹, where A and [...] Read more.

Aluminum–magnesium alloys show the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. The aim of this publication is to provide a detailed analysis of the evaluation methods of this phenomenon using tensile tests at a strain rate range of 10⁻³ s⁻¹, where A and A + B stress serrations can be observed. Four smoothing and analytical functions are evaluated in detail as reference functions, which are compared based on their serration amplitude and frequency characteristics. The studied functions are the moving average and Savitzky–Golay smoothing method, as well as the Voce and polynomial analytic functions. The two smoothing methods and smoothing window sizes are compared to obtain the best reference function parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 2554 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Sensor Placement for Autonomous Formula Student Vehicles: A Field-of-View Analysis of Dual LIDAR and Stereo Camera Configurations

by Máté Kapocsi, László Illés Orova and Zoltán Pusztai

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113027 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 2091

Abstract

The optimal configuration of perception systems in autonomous vehicles is essential for accurate environmental sensing, precise navigation, and overall operational safety. In Formula Student Driverless (FSD) vehicles, sensor placement is particularly challenging due to the compact design constraints and the highly dynamic nature [...] Read more.

The optimal configuration of perception systems in autonomous vehicles is essential for accurate environmental sensing, precise navigation, and overall operational safety. In Formula Student Driverless (FSD) vehicles, sensor placement is particularly challenging due to the compact design constraints and the highly dynamic nature of the racing environment. This study investigates the positioning and configuration of two LIDAR sensors and a stereo camera on an FSD race car, focusing on field-of-view coverage, sensing redundancy, and sensor fusion potential. To achieve a comprehensive evaluation, measurements are conducted exclusively in a simulation environment, where field-of-view maps are generated, detection ranges are analyzed, and perception reliability is assessed under various conditions. The results provide insights into the optimal sensor arrangement that minimizes blind spots, maximizes sensing accuracy, and enhances the efficiency of the autonomous vehicle’s perception architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 925 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Validation of a Fuzzy Wind Resistance Risk Index for UAV Energy Consumption Using Telemetry Data

by László Kajdocsi and Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113028 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1010

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicles have become essential tools in a wide range of applications. As drone operations grow more complex, the accurate prediction of battery runtime and aerodynamic flight safety risks, particularly those caused by wind, becomes increasingly important. This study employs the Wind [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicles have become essential tools in a wide range of applications. As drone operations grow more complex, the accurate prediction of battery runtime and aerodynamic flight safety risks, particularly those caused by wind, becomes increasingly important. This study employs the Wind Resistance Risk Index (WRRI), to quantify the impact of wind conditions on UAV performance. While several predictive models have been introduced to address these issues, many have not been thoroughly validated under real operational conditions. This study focuses on the post-validation of a previously developed fuzzy-based predictive model, using telemetry data collected from four UAV missions. Key flights and battery parameters were analyzed. The results demonstrate that real-world flight data provide valuable insight into model reliability and highlight discrepancies that can guide future model refinement. This work contributes to enhancing UAV safety by bridging the gap between theoretical predictions and empirical evaluations, specifically under varying wind conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1123 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Timing Chain Test Bench Equipped with Hydraulic Chain Force Control

by László Paulovics, László Boros and Csaba Tóth-Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113029 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 973

Abstract

The condition of the lubricating oil is a critical factor for the lifetime of internal combustion engines. The timing chain is a particularly sensitive component to the oil quality, so it can be used as an indicator when the effect of the oil [...] Read more.

The condition of the lubricating oil is a critical factor for the lifetime of internal combustion engines. The timing chain is a particularly sensitive component to the oil quality, so it can be used as an indicator when the effect of the oil quality and contamination on the engine has to be examined. For this purpose, a unique timing chain test bench was developed at the Department of Propulsion Technology at Széchenyi István University. This paper presents the function of this test equipment and the results of the first tests aimed at comparing the wear of a diesel engine’s timing chain using various soot-contaminated engine oils. A significant difference in wear was detected after 25 h of operation using oils with different soot contents. In the case of oil comparison studies, the chain test bench can be a cheap and fast alternative to engine dynamometer tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation of Environment Recognition Systems for Autonomous Vehicles in CARLA Simulator

by Dávid Gorza, Gábor Saly and Dániel Csikor

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113030 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2570

Abstract

Towards the introduction of autonomous vehicles, studying their functionality is becoming increasingly important. Detecting the environment in a self-driving vehicle is a very complex issue. The combination of different sensors is essential for safe and reliable operation. Detection enables the vehicle to accurately [...] Read more.

Towards the introduction of autonomous vehicles, studying their functionality is becoming increasingly important. Detecting the environment in a self-driving vehicle is a very complex issue. The combination of different sensors is essential for safe and reliable operation. Detection enables the vehicle to accurately recognize and track surrounding objects, understand changes in the dynamic environment, and adapt to different situations. Improving environmental sensing and object recognition is essential for the widespread deployment of self-driving vehicles. In addition to real-world tests, simulation environments provide an opportunity to investigate the operation of autonomous vehicles. Simulations are cost-effective methods for examining the processing of information from the vehicle environment and identifying the current limitations and problems of these technologies. In the CARLA simulator environment, object detection is reproduced in realistic traffic situations. Based on the results, the detection performance was analyzed using interference matrices, F1 scores, accuracy, and coverage metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 2414 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Method of Assessing Cognitive Workload for Budapest Tram Drivers to Enhance Urban Traffic Safety

by Márton Nagy, Attila Ferenc Bagosi and Viktor Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113031 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 924

Abstract

This study aims to enhance safety within the Budapest tram network by developing methods to assess and manage tram drivers’ cognitive workload. While defensive driving reduces accident risk, it becomes less effective when drivers are mentally overloaded. There is currently no reliable method [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance safety within the Budapest tram network by developing methods to assess and manage tram drivers’ cognitive workload. While defensive driving reduces accident risk, it becomes less effective when drivers are mentally overloaded. There is currently no reliable method to objectively measure this workload, which this research aims to develop. Trams frequently interact with unpredictable road users, increasing the likelihood of sudden braking and related injuries. Using accident data, high-risk locations were identified, and cognitive workload was assessed via eye-tracking (blinks and fixations) in a tram simulator. Participants drove two predefined routes and responded to unexpected events as they would in real traffic. Results reveal a correlation between blink/fixation frequency and cognitive load, enabling the identification of mentally demanding locations. These insights support targeted interventions to reduce driver workload and enhance operational safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 229 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Legal Challenges for Automated Decision-Making in Self-Driving Vehicles—Liability Issues and Remedies

by Dorottya Biczi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113032 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Rapid advancements in technology have resulted in the proliferation of self-driving vehicles, which have already presented significant challenges to the field of legal science. In the context of automated decision-making, the question of liability is invariably pertinent. The question of whether liability should [...] Read more.

Rapid advancements in technology have resulted in the proliferation of self-driving vehicles, which have already presented significant challenges to the field of legal science. In the context of automated decision-making, the question of liability is invariably pertinent. The question of whether liability should be assigned to a non-human entity or to a group of people is a contentious one. Furthermore, the question of which entity should be held liable for compensation for damage caused and which entity should be criminally liable remains unresolved. In the context of self-driving vehicles operating at a lower level of automation, the identification of the driver’s liability, ostensibly a straightforward undertaking, gives rise to a multitude of intricate ethical dilemmas. In addition to the prevailing assumptions regarding liability, which have previously been discussed in detail in the literature, the study also addresses the issue of transparency in automated decision-making related to legal remedies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

7 pages, 190 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How the Influence of Psychoactive Substances Impacts the Road Safety of Drivers

by Emese Sánta, Petra Katalin Szűcs, Gábor Patocskai and István Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113033 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 849

Abstract

In Hungary, the consumption of any alcoholic beverage before driving is illegal. A person is considered drunk if they have a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 g per liter or more. The situation regarding drug use is also disappointing. This research analyses these [...] Read more.

In Hungary, the consumption of any alcoholic beverage before driving is illegal. A person is considered drunk if they have a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 g per liter or more. The situation regarding drug use is also disappointing. This research analyses these effects on transport and their “outcome” by evaluating analyses based on police data, driver training data, and experimental data. The research aims to further raise awareness of the public health importance of this problem through a case–control study. Descriptive and correlational, statistical calculations were performed with a significance value of p < 0.05. Between 2019 and 2023, there were 10–13.000 drunk driving offenses and 1.000–1.300 drunk-driving accidents on the roads each year, most of which occurred in the capital and caused minor injuries. The results will be used to discover synergies to improve road safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

8 pages, 983 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Predicting Gear Noise Levels in Electric Multiple Units Based on Microgeometry Modifications Using Clustering and Inverse Distance Weighting

by Krisztián Horváth and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113034 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 645

Abstract

Reducing noise in electric multiple-unit (EMU) gearboxes demands prediction tools that are both rapid and reliable. Gear sound pressure levels vary sharply with micrometre-scale changes such as tooth repair, inclination, or profile relief, yet traditional estimates depend on hours-long CAE simulations. We present [...] Read more.

Reducing noise in electric multiple-unit (EMU) gearboxes demands prediction tools that are both rapid and reliable. Gear sound pressure levels vary sharply with micrometre-scale changes such as tooth repair, inclination, or profile relief, yet traditional estimates depend on hours-long CAE simulations. We present a data-driven hybrid surrogate that combines k-means clustering and inverse distance weighting (CLS-IDW) within the ODYSSEE A-Eye platform to map geometry modifications directly to broadband noise. Trained on the open 200-case Romax dataset, the model returns predictions within milliseconds and reproduces unseen operating points, with R² = 0.75 and a mean absolute error of 2.33 dB, matching solver repeatability. Sensitivity analysis identifies a −7° tooth inclination coupled with a 10 µm repair depth as the most effective combination, lowering noise by 3–5 dB. Eliminating costly CAE loops, the surrogate supports acoustics-aware optimisation at the concept stage, compressing development cycles and enhancing passenger comfort while maintaining transparency for regulatory review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1421 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Measurement Errors and Challenges in Sheet Metal Components When Using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Systems

by Vivien Nemes, Brigitta Fruzsina Szívós, Szabolcs Szalai and Szabolcs Fischer

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113035 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 764

Abstract

Digital Image Correlation systems are increasingly being used for non-contact measurement of deformation and strain in sheet metal components. However, the accuracy of such measurements can be significantly affected by various external and system-related factors. If these are not properly considered, substantial errors [...] Read more.

Digital Image Correlation systems are increasingly being used for non-contact measurement of deformation and strain in sheet metal components. However, the accuracy of such measurements can be significantly affected by various external and system-related factors. If these are not properly considered, substantial errors may be introduced. In this study, a short and longer flat sheet specimen were clamped in a vise to investigate how overhang and clamping stability influence the accuracy of the measured deformation fields. Two different measurement volumes were also evaluated to assess their effect on the results. These factors were evaluated through targeted experiments, and the resulting data were analyzed and interpreted. Based on the findings, recommendations were formulated to enhance the reliability of Digital Image Correlation measurements in both laboratory and industrial environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2967 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multibody Simulation of Helical Gear Noise and Vibration Behavior Using MSC ADAMS

by Krisztián Horváth and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113036 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 820

Abstract

The premium electric-vehicle market demands exceptionally quiet transmissions because the absence of engine masking makes gearbox noise more perceptible. Virtual NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) evaluation requires coupling elastic deformation, gear–tooth contact, and vibration transmission through bearings and housing within a single environment. [...] Read more.

The premium electric-vehicle market demands exceptionally quiet transmissions because the absence of engine masking makes gearbox noise more perceptible. Virtual NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness) evaluation requires coupling elastic deformation, gear–tooth contact, and vibration transmission through bearings and housing within a single environment. This study develops an integrated workflow in MSC ADAMS for predicting the NVH behavior of a 23/81-tooth helical gear pair. Finite element-based flank stiffness is imported, and a nonlinear contact model is applied to flexible teeth. Baseline simulation at 50 Nm and 200 rpm yields a static transmission error (TE) of 7.5 µm and a dynamic peak-to-peak TE of 0.7 µm, with the fundamental mesh tone at 77 Hz. Increasing tip relief by +0.10 mm lowers RMS TE by 31% and the first mesh order by 3.1 dB while raising the flank pressure from 1.65 GPa to 1.88 GPa. The workflow efficiently supports early-stage gear-noise optimization prior to the development of physical prototypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1298 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

by Judit Lukács, Péter Váradi and Richárd Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113037 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 685

Abstract

Insurance fraud, characterized by false or exaggerated claims, is a major economic crime worldwide, undermining trust between insurance companies and their customers. Detecting these cases is a priority issue nowadays. This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for the early identification of suspicious [...] Read more.

Insurance fraud, characterized by false or exaggerated claims, is a major economic crime worldwide, undermining trust between insurance companies and their customers. Detecting these cases is a priority issue nowadays. This paper presents a fuzzy inference system for the early identification of suspicious claims in the compulsory motor liability insurance market. The study focuses exclusively on cases involving two privately owned passenger cars where no personal injury, but only property damage, occurred. A Mamdani-type inference system was created, using simple independent input parameters: the value (in EUR) and the age of the vehicle (in years) and the payment period of the insurance contract. The last parameter was introduced as a qualitative factor. These were linked to the risk level resulting from the characteristics of the vehicles involved in the incident. For this purpose, real insurance data were used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1016 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dimensional Precision of Plastic Gear Tooth Profiles Produced by 3D Printing

by Erzsébet Egyed-Faluvégi, Attila Levente Gergely and József Kántor

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113038 - 7 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 766

Abstract

Plastic spur gears have gained significant attention in the last couple of decades in all industries where rotational motion is involved. Plastic gears have the advantages of light weight, shock absorption, low operation noise levels, and functioning without lubrication. However, the manufacturing precision [...] Read more.

Plastic spur gears have gained significant attention in the last couple of decades in all industries where rotational motion is involved. Plastic gears have the advantages of light weight, shock absorption, low operation noise levels, and functioning without lubrication. However, the manufacturing precision of gears and gear tooth profiles has a significant effect on the lifetime of the gears. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3D printing (Fused Deposition Modeling) parameters on the precision of the tooth profile. To study the effect of layer thickness, printing speed, and infill parameters, the Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized. The results show that the mean profile deviation was 0.067 ± 0.02 mm, and the printing speed had a statistically significant effect on the precision of the tooth profile. Plastic 3D printing provides more design freedom; therefore, it is a promising technology for low production volumes and special geometry gear manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1557 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Torque Profile Optimization for Shell Eco-Marathon Urban Category Race

by Péter Kőrös and Zoltán Pusztai

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113039 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 785

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the possibilities of optimizing the driving strategy for energy-efficient electric vehicles competing in the Shell Eco-marathon race. The base method we already developed and successfully applied for several years—winning the Urban Concept Battery Electric competition of the 2022, [...] Read more.

In this paper, we analyze the possibilities of optimizing the driving strategy for energy-efficient electric vehicles competing in the Shell Eco-marathon race. The base method we already developed and successfully applied for several years—winning the Urban Concept Battery Electric competition of the 2022, 2023, and 2024 Shell Eco-marathon races—was further tested, with small modifications to our optimization method. We only used an optimizer tool based on a genetic algorithm. We were interested in determining how a modification to the minimalization problem could help our optimizer find the best driving cycle to reach the minimum energy consumption. We successfully applied the modification to our method at the 2025 competition, where we beat our own record and proved its practical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Energy-Efficient UAV Control: Analysis of PID and MPC Performance

by Barnabás Kiss, Áron Ballagi and Miklós Kuczmann

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113040 - 7 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are being applied in an increasing number of fields; however, their autonomous operation is associated with significant regulatory challenges. In this study, the performance of a PID and a Model Predictive Controller is compared based on the transfer function of [...] Read more.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are being applied in an increasing number of fields; however, their autonomous operation is associated with significant regulatory challenges. In this study, the performance of a PID and a Model Predictive Controller is compared based on the transfer function of the BLDC motor of a quadcopter using MATLAB simulations in the presence of white noise. The simulation results are used as reference values for measurements conducted on a cost-effective, custom-developed prototype drone. The prototype has been designed for short-duration hovering, allowing for an initial evaluation, but a more thorough analysis requires prolonged hovering tests to be carried out in an industrial environment. Based on the results, a recommendation is formulated for improving the PID controller to achieve performance closer to that of the MPC. The research is aimed at enhancing the energy efficiency of UAV systems and optimizing battery capacity, enabling longer autonomous flight time and more reliable control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1149 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Beyond Lithium: Evaluating Sodium-Ion Batteries for the Next Generation of Electric Vehicles

by Peter Gulyas

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113041 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 5412

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are gaining attention as a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion technology in electric vehicles (EVs), driven by concerns over lithium’s scarcity, high costs, and environmental impact. This study explores the feasibility of SIBs through a theoretical analysis of recent advancements [...] Read more.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are gaining attention as a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion technology in electric vehicles (EVs), driven by concerns over lithium’s scarcity, high costs, and environmental impact. This study explores the feasibility of SIBs through a theoretical analysis of recent advancements in chemistry, materials, and electrochemical performance. It compares key factors such as energy density, charge cycles, safety, cost-effectiveness, and supply chain sustainability. While sodium-ion batteries currently offer lower energy density and shorter cycle life, they benefit from abundant raw materials and more sustainable production. Recent breakthroughs in electrode and electrolyte design show promise for improved efficiency and longevity. Sodium-ion technology is not yet a full replacement for Li-ion batteries but presents a viable option for low-cost EVs and stationary storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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10 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Overview of GNSS Interference Risks in Transport Safety and Resilient Responses

by József Orbán

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113042 - 10 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) play a critical role in ensuring the safety of modern transportation across all domains, including aviation, road, rail, and maritime navigation. However, recent years have seen a significant increase in radio frequency interference, including signal masking (jamming) and [...] Read more.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) play a critical role in ensuring the safety of modern transportation across all domains, including aviation, road, rail, and maritime navigation. However, recent years have seen a significant increase in radio frequency interference, including signal masking (jamming) and data deception (spoofing) attacks against GNSSs. These threats can severely compromise human safety, disrupt logistics chains, and undermine essential public services. This study offers a structured holistic overview of the most common forms and impacts of GNSS interference. It also presents practical, resilient solutions to reduce vulnerabilities. Both technological (e.g., redundancy, filtering, alternative navigation) and organizational (e.g., regulation, training, risk assessment) strategies are discussed. The findings highlight that building GNSS resilience is not optional—it is necessary to protect transportation systems that rely on satellite navigation. The summary may be of particular interest to legislators, transport authorities, logistics operators, and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2229 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reduction in Energy Demand and Environmental Impact in Office Buildings by Natural Ventilation: A Case Study

by Brendon Axel Vagdalt, Ferenc Szlivka, Gusztáv Fekete, Ákos Jányoki and Ildikó Molnár

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113043 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 611

Abstract

Sustainable building heat recovery ventilation is a key factor in modern structural design and production, which can be achieved by the combination of cutting-edge, energy-economical technologies, such as counter flow flat-plats, heat pipes and simple design arrangements like a light well. To achieve [...] Read more.

Sustainable building heat recovery ventilation is a key factor in modern structural design and production, which can be achieved by the combination of cutting-edge, energy-economical technologies, such as counter flow flat-plats, heat pipes and simple design arrangements like a light well. To achieve low energy use and good indoor air quality, natural ventilation should be applied as often as possible. In this article, an energy simulation study is presented, which is focused on an in-built natural ventilation system of an existing vacant office building. It has been demonstrated that a substantial amount of energy can be saved by utilizing natural ventilation in a building, while it was also proven that obsolete buildings can be energy-efficiently operated, without the need for demolition, if they are cautiously re-designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 2548 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Wind-Disturbance Integrated LPV Model for Energy-Efficient Vehicles

by Zoltán Pusztai and Tamás Luspay

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113044 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

This paper introduces a control-oriented Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) model of an energy-efficient electric vehicle, enhanced to account for wind-induced disturbances. The proposed model structure is designed to support model-based control strategies focused on minimizing energy consumption. In addition to core control inputs—such [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a control-oriented Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) model of an energy-efficient electric vehicle, enhanced to account for wind-induced disturbances. The proposed model structure is designed to support model-based control strategies focused on minimizing energy consumption. In addition to core control inputs—such as torque reference and cornering radius—the model integrates a simulated representation of wind effects on the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics. To manage the underlying nonlinearities of the vehicle dynamics, a trajectory-based linearization approach was employed to construct the baseline LPV model without wind effects. The accuracy of the extended model was validated using real-world speed profile data. Owing to its modular and control-compatible design, the model provides a solid foundation for testing and developing energy-saving control strategies, making it especially applicable to the design and operation of energy-efficient electric vehicles. The proposed model holds significant potential for further reducing energy consumption, particularly in urban transportation scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural Integrity Analysis of 3D-Printed PLA- and ABS-Reinforced Concrete Underwater Curing

by Hanna Csótár, Szabolcs Szalai, Attila Nagy, András Lajos Nagy, Gusztáv Baranyai and Szabolcs Fischer

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113045 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 782

Abstract

The optimization and evaluation of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and ABS materials present a promising approach for enhancing the reinforcement of concrete elements, thereby advancing sustainable construction technologies. This study examines the degradation of the structural integrity of 3D-printed PLA- and ABS-reinforced concrete [...] Read more.

The optimization and evaluation of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and ABS materials present a promising approach for enhancing the reinforcement of concrete elements, thereby advancing sustainable construction technologies. This study examines the degradation of the structural integrity of 3D-printed PLA- and ABS-reinforced concrete after 28 days of underwater curing. The research focuses on macroscopic analysis and microscopic characterization using a digital microscope and a high-resolution camera to investigate the crystalline structures formed during curing. The findings will offer valuable insights into the structural transformations occurring within concrete elements and potential interactions between concrete and PLA structures, paving the way for future civil engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 235 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Technologies for Minimizing Track Degradation and Additional Dynamic Effects at Permanent Way-Railway Bridge Stiffness Transitions

by Szabolcs Fischer, Zoltán Major, Bence Hermán, Bálint Molnár, András Pollák and Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113046 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 740

Abstract

Railway tracks at bridge approaches experience significant vertical stiffness transitions, leading to adverse effects such as settlement and increased dynamic loads, accelerating track degradation. This study explores various structural solutions, including geosynthetics, reinforced ballast, transition slabs, under sleeper pads (USPs), under ballast mats [...] Read more.

Railway tracks at bridge approaches experience significant vertical stiffness transitions, leading to adverse effects such as settlement and increased dynamic loads, accelerating track degradation. This study explores various structural solutions, including geosynthetics, reinforced ballast, transition slabs, under sleeper pads (USPs), under ballast mats (UBMs), jet grouting, and special rail fasteners. Despite their application, these solutions often fail due to their static nature. This paper introduces an adaptive approach using special rail fastenings with real-time adjustable stiffness. This system dynamically modifies rail support characteristics based on train speed and track conditions, improving track durability, ride quality, and maintenance strategies. The findings demonstrate the potential of adaptive systems to enhance railway infrastructure performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

7 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a Modular and Scalable Measurement System for Battery and Electronics Testing

by Istvan Kecskemeti and Gabor Szakallas

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113047 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 528

Abstract

The increasing need for precise testing in battery and electronic component development has driven the demand for modular and scalable laboratory systems. This paper presents the design and initial implementation of a LabVIEW-based measurement system tailored for ISO/IEC 17025-compliant testing environments. The system’s [...] Read more.

The increasing need for precise testing in battery and electronic component development has driven the demand for modular and scalable laboratory systems. This paper presents the design and initial implementation of a LabVIEW-based measurement system tailored for ISO/IEC 17025-compliant testing environments. The system’s software architecture is modular and built around a Hardware Abstraction Layer, enabling the integration of various remotely controlled instruments, such as programmable power supplies, electronic loads, and climate chambers. LabVIEW’s object-oriented programming and multi-threaded execution environment allows synchronized control and real-time data acquisition. Test procedures are defined using a JSON-based sequence structure, supporting repeatable testing. A graphical editor provides an intuitive interface for configuring test steps, ensuring ease of use. The system is designed to support future expansion, including high-speed measurement modules and parallel test execution. This solution lays the foundation for a reliable and extensible automated testing platform that aligns with modern industrial and regulatory standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1974 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Replacing Rare Earth Permanent Magnets in Spoke-Type PMSMs for Light Electric Vehicles: A Study on Performance, Material Efficiency, and Cost Optimization

by Kitti Gálfi and Loránd Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113048 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 721

Abstract

The growing demand for rare-earth-free electric machines, driven by supply shortages and price volatility of rare earth elements, has accelerated research into applying alternative hard magnetic materials. This study investigates the challenging complete replacement of high-performance rare earth permanent magnets with low-cost ferrites, [...] Read more.

The growing demand for rare-earth-free electric machines, driven by supply shortages and price volatility of rare earth elements, has accelerated research into applying alternative hard magnetic materials. This study investigates the challenging complete replacement of high-performance rare earth permanent magnets with low-cost ferrites, which exhibit significantly lower magnetic properties, in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for light electric vehicles (LEVs). While maintaining the original stator structure, output power, and speed requirements of a reference spoke-type PMSM, the research employs ANSYS Motor-CAD for comprehensive electromagnetic analysis and mass minimization of different design variants. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of ferrite-based designs while quantifying critical trade-offs in power density versus substantial cost and material availability advantages. This work provides valuable insights into the practical limitations and optimization approaches for rare-earth-free PMSM designs in sustainable mobility applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1569 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of an Automated Solution for the Error Analysis of MATLAB/Simulink-Based Digital Twins

by József Richárd Lennert, Dénes Fodor and István Szalay

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113049 - 10 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 725

Abstract

This study aims to analyze various methods, including AI, that can be used to optimize error analysis in digital twins and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these analysis methods. Furthermore, the study aims to present an automated solution for error analysis of [...] Read more.

This study aims to analyze various methods, including AI, that can be used to optimize error analysis in digital twins and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of these analysis methods. Furthermore, the study aims to present an automated solution for error analysis of MATLAB/Simulink-based digital twins. This solution can make the error analysis more efficient without the use of AI, meaning that it can be used even if the digital twin is not appropriately known, which can be a considerable advantage in the current automotive industry, where complex digital twins are commonly used for the development and optimization of E/E systems during different types of in-the-Loop simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 3241 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Finite Element Simulation of Surface-Mount Resistor Solder Joint Quarter Models Under Thermomechanical Loading

by Yashveer Dunputh, Norbert Kiss, Matthew Joshua Sandy, Dániel Székely, Mahmud M. D. Firoz and Antal Bakonyi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113050 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 565

Abstract

Virtual lifetime estimation is growing in importance, as replacing physical tests by simulations leads to cost reductions in the development of microelectronics assemblies. However, the predictions made by fatigue models often differ significantly from the lifetimes recorded in physical tests. Tuning these models [...] Read more.

Virtual lifetime estimation is growing in importance, as replacing physical tests by simulations leads to cost reductions in the development of microelectronics assemblies. However, the predictions made by fatigue models often differ significantly from the lifetimes recorded in physical tests. Tuning these models is not straightforward, and results are often accurate only in specific test cases. Deviations may arise from manufacturing tolerances in the soldering process which can lead to deviations in the solder joint geometry. These include variations in the size of the copper pad area or in the volume of solder material. These factors, which have impacts on estimated lifetimes, are not fully understood. This paper assesses the impact of solder geometry in parallel with that of thermal cycling properties on estimated lifetimes. It is demonstrated that the shape and thermocycling properties of the solder joint significantly affect the thermomechanical lifetimes of surface-mounted resistors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 1413 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Oscillatory Shear Rheology of PE/PP/MWCNT Nanocomposites

by Dorottya Antaliczné Nagy, Balázs Ádám, Erika Varga, Pál Hansághy, Ferenc Palásti and László Tóth

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113051 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

The present paper focuses on the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the rheological behavior of polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) blends to improve PE/PP mixtures for industrial applications. In our research, 40 wt% HDPE-60 wt% PP blends were produced by extrusion, and 0.59%, 1.18%, and [...] Read more.

The present paper focuses on the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the rheological behavior of polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) blends to improve PE/PP mixtures for industrial applications. In our research, 40 wt% HDPE-60 wt% PP blends were produced by extrusion, and 0.59%, 1.18%, and 2.35% multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added. Oscillation rheometry was used to study the HDPE-PP-MWCNT nanocomposites and the unfilled polymers at temperatures of 210, 220, 230, 240, and 250 °C in the angular frequency range of 0.05–628.32 rad/s, with 5% deformation. It was demonstrated that in the presence of CNTs, both the complex viscosity and modulus values increase above the percolation threshold. Additionally, it was observed that the crossover modulus (Gx) for all mixtures decreases with increasing temperature. In addition, at 1.18% CNT content, a second crossover appears at all temperatures, and its value increases with temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 983 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Real-Time Robotic System for Interactive Tic-Tac-Toe Using Computer Vision

by Ioan-Alexandru Spulber, Mihnea Dimitrie Doloiu, Ilie Indreica, Gigel Măceșanu, Bogdan Sibisan and Tiberiu-Teodor Cociaș

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113052 - 11 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1008

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of an XY plotter system for playing Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent. The mechatronic system utilizes stepper motors controlled via a microcontroller and a CNC module, enabling precise bidirectional movement. A vision-based algorithm detects user moves [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design and implementation of an XY plotter system for playing Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent. The mechatronic system utilizes stepper motors controlled via a microcontroller and a CNC module, enabling precise bidirectional movement. A vision-based algorithm detects user moves and processes game logic through a Minimax strategy for optimal decision-making. The study highlights the integration of robotics and human–computer interaction, demonstrating potential applications in automation, education, and interactive entertainment. Experimental results validate the system’s accuracy and efficiency in real-time gameplay scenarios. Additionally, the work emphasizes the reliability and predictability of a mathematics-based approach—embodied by the deterministic Minimax algorithm—over AI-driven methods, which may involve uncertainties or probabilistic failure. This highlights the advantage of using well-defined algorithmic logic for tasks requiring consistent performance and outcome guarantees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 3562 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Control of a 32-DoF Robot for Music Performance Using AI and Motion Planning

by Ilie Indreica, Mihnea Dimitrie Doloiu, Ioan-Alexandru Spulber, Gigel Măceșanu, Bogdan Sibișan and Tiberiu-Teodor Cociaș

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113053 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 868

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a 32-degree-of-freedom (DoF) humanoid robotic system designed for autonomous piano performance. The system integrates a vision-based music sheet reader with a YOLOv8 neural network for real-time detection and classification of musical symbols, achieving a mean average precision [...] Read more.

This paper presents the development of a 32-degree-of-freedom (DoF) humanoid robotic system designed for autonomous piano performance. The system integrates a vision-based music sheet reader with a YOLOv8 neural network for real-time detection and classification of musical symbols, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 96% at IoU 0.5. A heuristic-based synchronization and motion planning module computes optimal finger trajectories and hand placements, enabling expressive and temporally accurate performances. The robotic hardware comprises two anthropomorphic hands mounted on linear rails, each with independently actuated fingers capable of vertical, horizontal, and rotational movements. Experimental validation demonstrates the system’s ability to execute complex musical passages with precision and synchronization. Limitations related to dynamic expressiveness and symbol generalization are discussed, along with proposed enhancements for future iterations. The results highlight the potential of AI-driven robotic systems in musical applications and contribute to the broader field of intelligent robotic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 313 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Examining Lean Management Principles in SMEs Through Empirical Data Analysis and Systematic Review

by Abishae Noel, László Buics and Eszter Sós

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113054 - 11 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

While Lean methodologies have been widely adopted in large enterprises, their application in small and medium enterprises remains an area requiring further exploration. This study aims at a hybrid approach combining a systematic literature review based on the PEO framework and PRISMA methodology [...] Read more.

While Lean methodologies have been widely adopted in large enterprises, their application in small and medium enterprises remains an area requiring further exploration. This study aims at a hybrid approach combining a systematic literature review based on the PEO framework and PRISMA methodology with comprehensive data analysis from 780 respondents to examine the direct relation between Lean and SMEs. Various statistical methods were used to identify different patterns and themes. The findings suggest that while resource constraints pose significant challenges for SMEs in adopting Lean, tailored approaches with a significant reliance on leadership commitment can considerably enhance operational efficiency, resilience, costs, and waste reduction. Insights from the analysis further revealed a preference for operational methods with limited adoption of complex and strategic methods of Lean across SMEs. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for SMEs and lays a foundation for future directions in terms of integration with ESG and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 698 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Potential of PLA Packaging Materials in 3D Printing for Sustainable Goals in the Automotive Industry

by Balázs Ádám, Ferenc Palásti, Pál Hansághy, Dorottya Antaliczné Nagy, László Tóth and Erika Varga

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113055 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 961

Abstract

3D printing has grown rapidly and is now widely used in many industries, including the automotive sector. Most 3D printing filaments are made from virgin PLA (polylactic acid); however, at the same time, the packaging industry produces large amounts of PLA waste, which [...] Read more.

3D printing has grown rapidly and is now widely used in many industries, including the automotive sector. Most 3D printing filaments are made from virgin PLA (polylactic acid); however, at the same time, the packaging industry produces large amounts of PLA waste, which is often not recycled properly. Turning this waste into good-quality 3D printing filament could be an eco-friendly alternative to traditional materials and support sustainability in the automotive supply chain. This research investigates whether the original PLA packaging material can be used for 3D printing at all by testing its printability and mechanical properties compared to commercial PLA filaments. Two types of original packaging PLA were chosen and processed into 3D printing filaments, which were then tested. The results show that packaging PLA filaments have mechanical properties similar to or even better than commercial PLA filaments, proving that they can be a useful material for 3D printing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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10 pages, 855 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Supporting Rule-Based Control with a Natural Language Model

by Martin Kernács and Olivér Hornyák

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113056 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1601

Abstract

The usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in control loops and rule-based frameworks is a novel approach in automation and decision-making processes. Large Language Models (LLMs) are redefining conventional rule-based systems by introducing intuitive natural language interfaces, drastically changing the creation of rules, and [...] Read more.

The usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in control loops and rule-based frameworks is a novel approach in automation and decision-making processes. Large Language Models (LLMs) are redefining conventional rule-based systems by introducing intuitive natural language interfaces, drastically changing the creation of rules, and minimizing operational complexity. Unlike static controllers, AI-enhanced systems can autonomously evolve with real-time environmental changes, achieving optimal performance without manual intervention. By allowing non-experts to modify rules through natural language commands, LLM can change the control system management. These advancements not only improve adaptability and operational efficiency but also reduce downtime through proactive error detection and self-correction mechanisms. AI-powered systems allow refining operations, thus accelerating response speeds and increasing reliability. The synergy between rule-based logic and AI-driven intelligence provides a new approach for autonomous systems, improving their capability of context-specific decision-making. In this paper, an approach is presented to control a storage system by natural language commands. The comparison of the Hungarian and English language interpretations is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Relationship of the Security Awareness and the Value Chain

by Gerda Bak and Regina Reicher

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113057 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 583

Abstract

Consumers and businesses are often connected online in today’s digitally connected world. Fast and barrier-free communication, easier and faster operation, and automation and networking of robots and production offer many competitive advantages. Recognizing the limiting factors of new technology, such as the significant [...] Read more.

Consumers and businesses are often connected online in today’s digitally connected world. Fast and barrier-free communication, easier and faster operation, and automation and networking of robots and production offer many competitive advantages. Recognizing the limiting factors of new technology, such as the significant dependency on technology and the vulnerability of IT devices, is crucial. As digitalization might increase the competitiveness of companies and have an impact on both the supply and value chains, we need to consider and assess their vulnerability from an information security perspective. Consequently, competitive advantage is not only about creating value more cost-efficiently and with higher quality but also about extracting the correct information from big data, interpreting and integrating it into business operations, and protecting it. This study proposes a fishbone model to help identify and overcome these challenges. It allows companies to identify the root cause of each information security incident. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 210 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Ergonomic Handrails in Inclusive Public Transport: User Aspects, Accident Risks and Design Guidelines

by Balázs Lenkei and Rita Földesi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113058 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1429

Abstract

Inclusive design is not a design framework provided by legislation, but a design strategy that takes into account the diversity of abilities of users. Ensuring the mobility of people with disabilities is central to their social inclusion, which is why accessibility standards have [...] Read more.

Inclusive design is not a design framework provided by legislation, but a design strategy that takes into account the diversity of abilities of users. Ensuring the mobility of people with disabilities is central to their social inclusion, which is why accessibility standards have been developed. Some elements of this are costly (e.g., low-floor vehicles), but simple and cost-effective solutions can make a significant difference in inclusive public transport. This paper uses qualitative methods—interviews, case studies and literature review—to illustrate one of the problem areas, the difficulties of grabs, and one of the potential areas for improvement: grab rails. In non-crash accidents, properly designed handholds play a key role in preserving the integrity of passengers and in creating a sense of physical/psychological safety, contributing to intuitive and independent use and to the social sustainability of public transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

10 pages, 376 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Ni–B Coating Process Parameters Through Factorial Design and Taguchi Approach

by Kristóf Bányai, Sándor Kovács and Gabriella Bognár

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113059 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Protective coatings enhance abrasion and wear resistance, extending component lifespan. This study optimizes bath and heat treatment parameters for Ni–B coatings to improve tribological performance. Synthetic datasets of the coefficient of friction (COF) were analyzed using factorial design and the Taguchi method. The [...] Read more.

Protective coatings enhance abrasion and wear resistance, extending component lifespan. This study optimizes bath and heat treatment parameters for Ni–B coatings to improve tribological performance. Synthetic datasets of the coefficient of friction (COF) were analyzed using factorial design and the Taguchi method. The optimal COF values were μ_opt = 0.4244 (factorial) and μ_opt = 0.3998 (Taguchi), with the latter’s confidence interval [0.3671, 0.4325] confirming the validity of both. For minimizing COF, optimal settings were t_f = 60 °C, T_l = 60 min, t_h = 200 °C; for maximizing Vickers microhardness, t_f = 85 °C, T_l = 100 min, t_h = 600 °C, with a confidence interval of [814.17, 867.48]. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing the Ni–B coating process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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6 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Morphological and Water Absorption Properties of Bio-Based Polyesters/MWCNT Nanocomposites

by Kashif Ullah Khan and Andrea Ádámné Major

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113060 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 628

Abstract

This manuscript investigates the effect of MWCNT addition on the morphological and water absorption properties of bio-based polyester nanocomposites made from PLA and PBS. The nanocomposites were produced by the melt-mixing method using a twin-screw extruder. An analysis of the percentage by mass [...] Read more.

This manuscript investigates the effect of MWCNT addition on the morphological and water absorption properties of bio-based polyester nanocomposites made from PLA and PBS. The nanocomposites were produced by the melt-mixing method using a twin-screw extruder. An analysis of the percentage by mass of water absorbed was used to determine the absorption properties of polyesters. The addition of MWCNTs to the polyester matrix is a big challenge because agglomerated MWCNTs can introduce micro-voids and defects that act as a channel for water permeation. The SEM images show that the polyester fracture surface becomes rough with several voids after the addition of MWCNTs. The water absorption properties of bio-based polyesters such as PBS show significant changes (an increase of 185%) compared to pure PBS. These findings reveal that the addition of MWCNTs in a small amount (1 wt%) affects the morphology and water absorption capacity of bio-based polyesters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 756 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Replacing Traditional Transmission Models with Artificial Intelligence

by Tamás Koller and Csaba Tóth-Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113061 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 633

Abstract

The development of vehicle simulation models is becoming increasingly important, especially for the virtual validation of new automotive features. New methods are emerging that need to be tested and validated to ensure their proper functioning. The use of artificial intelligence methods can accelerate [...] Read more.

The development of vehicle simulation models is becoming increasingly important, especially for the virtual validation of new automotive features. New methods are emerging that need to be tested and validated to ensure their proper functioning. The use of artificial intelligence methods can accelerate product development processes, so it is essential for companies to examine the applicability of these solutions. This article compares the results of a traditional rule-based transmission model and an artificial intelligence-based transmission model against real vehicle measurements. Creating a transmission model using the new artificial intelligence-based method requires less time and effort than developing a rule-based model. However, experimental data is required to train the model. This paper addresses the challenges of artificial intelligence-based transmission modeling and highlights the new advantages of artificial intelligence-based solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1704 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Aerodynamic Design and Simulation of a Racing Car with Regard to the Front Wing

by Levente Zsolt Chudi, Ferenc Szlivka, Gusztáv Fekete and Ildikó Molnár

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113062 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1863

Abstract

One of the key elements in the aerodynamic balance of a race car is the front wing, which is responsible for generating downforce to enhance grip. This article aims to investigate the change in downforce on a Formula Student racecar with a newly [...] Read more.

One of the key elements in the aerodynamic balance of a race car is the front wing, which is responsible for generating downforce to enhance grip. This article aims to investigate the change in downforce on a Formula Student racecar with a newly mounted front wing and aerodynamic elements at different angles of attack by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In addition, the effect of the front wing on the position of the center of pressure was also investigated, which highly influences the steering stability of the car. The study proved that by applying the front wing, together with additional aerodynamic elements, the downforce increases by 38%, while the center of pressure moves closer to the front axes by approximately 30% (compared to when there is no wing on the car), which results in an understeered but stable controllability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 2672 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spectral Analysis of the Lateral Dynamics of Road Vehicles

by György Istenes, Gergő Ferenc Ignéczi, Dávid Józsa, Dániel Pup and József Bokor

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113063 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 669

Abstract

In this paper, a time domain and a spectral analysis of the lateral dynamics of a Lexus passenger car are presented. Measurements were made of the vehicle’s lateral acceleration and steering angle. The aim of the measurements is to understand the vehicle’s lateral [...] Read more.

In this paper, a time domain and a spectral analysis of the lateral dynamics of a Lexus passenger car are presented. Measurements were made of the vehicle’s lateral acceleration and steering angle. The aim of the measurements is to understand the vehicle’s lateral dynamics during different cornering maneuvers. For this purpose, part of the measurements is performed with a driver and the other part with autonomous control. The data processed and analyzed in this research can be used to determine the nature of the lateral dynamics, which is essential to establishing a mathematical relationship between the measured signals. This will allow the identification and modeling of vehicle dynamics, which is key to the development and optimization of autonomous vehicle control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 887 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comprehensive Model for the Assessment of Digitalization Transformation in Supply Chain Management

by Ngoc Quynh Tran Nguyen and László Buics

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113064 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 851

Abstract

The rise of Industry 4.0 has made digital transformation a critical element of modern supply chain management, offering organizations a pathway to competitive advantage. While the prior literature has examined aspects of digitalization, few studies present a comprehensive view of the transformation process [...] Read more.

The rise of Industry 4.0 has made digital transformation a critical element of modern supply chain management, offering organizations a pathway to competitive advantage. While the prior literature has examined aspects of digitalization, few studies present a comprehensive view of the transformation process through to its practical application. This study proposes and aims to validate a digital transformation model developed by the author, based on a systematic literature review of 284 articles from Scopus and Web of Science. The model outlines a progression from data management to the integration of enabling technologies, culminating in enhanced supply chain decision-making. It introduces three key metrics—readiness, adoption, and Digital Maturity—to guide companies through distinct stages of transformation. Validation will be conducted using a mixed-methods approach, combining expert interviews and a quantitative survey with SCM professionals. This study offers both a theoretical framework and practical roadmap to support organizations in evolving their digital transformation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 208 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Consumer Cost Perception and Its Role in Hydrogen Vehicle Adoption

by Nikolett Gyurián Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113065 - 13 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 648

Abstract

The widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles as a sustainable mobility solution depends on several factors, among which consumer acceptance is particularly important. This study examined how cost perception, demographic characteristics, and environmental attitudes influence the intention to adopt hydrogen-powered vehicles. The quantitative study [...] Read more.

The widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles as a sustainable mobility solution depends on several factors, among which consumer acceptance is particularly important. This study examined how cost perception, demographic characteristics, and environmental attitudes influence the intention to adopt hydrogen-powered vehicles. The quantitative study (n = 1330) was conducted using an online questionnaire in Hungary. The results were verified by linear regression conducted in three steps, depending on the set of dependent variables chosen. The results showed that while cost perception alone has a moderate effect on acceptance, environmental attitudes have a strong and significant explanatory power. Acceptance is not merely an economic decision, but a value-based one closely linked to individuals’ environmental worldviews. The results highlight that the acceptance of hydrogen-based mobility is primarily a value-based decision, and that strengthening environmental commitment is key to promoting it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

8 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toward a Theoretical Framework for Digital Twin Readiness Assessment in Logistics: Conceptualization and Model Development

by Lahiru Vimukthi Bandara and László Buics

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113066 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Digital Twins provide comprehensive capabilities to solve critical logistics problems such as visibility, monitoring, optimization, prediction, and simulation. This study explores the existing DT readiness assessment models in SCs and logistics, discovers their limitations, and proposes a conceptual model based on an organization’s [...] Read more.

Digital Twins provide comprehensive capabilities to solve critical logistics problems such as visibility, monitoring, optimization, prediction, and simulation. This study explores the existing DT readiness assessment models in SCs and logistics, discovers their limitations, and proposes a conceptual model based on an organization’s internal and external attributes to strategize DT implementation in logistic functions. The results showed that the existing readiness assessment models have weaknesses and drawbacks, motivating the researchers to develop a new logistic DT readiness assessment model. This study identified six main organizational dimensions directly affecting measuring overall logistics’ DT readiness, which are management readiness, personnel readiness, information readiness, organization readiness, product readiness, and process flow readiness. Their relationship is mediated by Technology Integration and moderated by Supply Chain Complexity, which was tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling to show the importance of strategizing DT implementation in logistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 923 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Steering System Modification for Autonomous Test Vehicles and the Measurement of Steering Geometry

by László Illés Orova, Máté Kapocsi and Zoltán Pusztai

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113067 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1080

Abstract

This study presents the development and implementation of an electronically actuated steering system in a Formula Student Driverless race car, aiming to support autonomous driving capability. A DC motor with a belt-drive mechanism was integrated into the original steering rack assembly without altering [...] Read more.

This study presents the development and implementation of an electronically actuated steering system in a Formula Student Driverless race car, aiming to support autonomous driving capability. A DC motor with a belt-drive mechanism was integrated into the original steering rack assembly without altering its core mechanical characteristics. The research also includes a validation of the steering geometry using both physical measurements and CAD simulations. The objective of this measurement is to determine the steering angle as a function of the steering wheel input angle, ensuring that the resulting data accurately informs vehicle dynamics models such as the kinematic bicycle model. These steps form the basis for closed-loop control integration in the autonomous driving platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1395 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lightweight Solution to Generate Accurate Lanelet Maps

by Gergő Ignéczi, Dávid Józsa and Mátyás Mesics

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113068 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1101

Abstract

As automated driving technologies become more mature, there is an increasing reliance on digital maps to support safe and efficient driving. Sensors like cameras and radars can be limited by occlusions, lighting conditions, or weather, and often fall short. High-definition (HD) maps offer [...] Read more.

As automated driving technologies become more mature, there is an increasing reliance on digital maps to support safe and efficient driving. Sensors like cameras and radars can be limited by occlusions, lighting conditions, or weather, and often fall short. High-definition (HD) maps offer excellent accuracy, but they are expensive to produce. These limitations make these techniques impractical for large-scale deployment. What makes our approach particularly attractive is its hardware simplicity: the entire process requires only a precise GNSS receiver and a commonly available lane detection camera, eliminating the need for expensive sensors like LiDAR or complex multi-vehicle fleets. We rigorously evaluated our method in a highway environment, where a vehicle equipped with our generated maps successfully executed autonomous lane following and adapted its speed based on detected speed limit signs. The positional deviation of the resulting maps was consistently under 5 cm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 1597 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Silicone Contamination in Tribometer Experiments Using FT-IR and XPS Technology

by Márkó Kovács and Dominika Pintér

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113069 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 924

Abstract

During tribometer experiments, the condition of the applied lubricants plays a crucial role in determining friction and wear properties. Oil degradation can significantly influence measurement outcomes, making it essential to understand the chemical changes that may occur during tribometric experiments. The objective of [...] Read more.

During tribometer experiments, the condition of the applied lubricants plays a crucial role in determining friction and wear properties. Oil degradation can significantly influence measurement outcomes, making it essential to understand the chemical changes that may occur during tribometric experiments. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate the source of silicone contamination and its temperature dependence. Tribometer experiments were conducted at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 °C, followed by FT-IR spectroscopy to analyze the lubricant after each measurement. Additionally, wear scars were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the presence of silicone within the surface layers. To assess potential alternative contamination sources, a single-drop system was employed, which excludes tubing, thereby providing a controlled environment to verify the origin of the silicone peaks. The results of this study are expected to enhance the reliability of tribometer measurements by identifying contamination sources and optimizing the experimental setup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 546 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analytical Overview of Accident Emergencies Arising from the Structure and Characteristics of Various Alternative Fuel Vehicles

by István Lakatos and Lea Pődör

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113070 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

The spread of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) poses new technological and legal challenges. While these vehicles contribute to sustainable transport, their specific operational characteristics require specific regulation and infrastructure. The study analyses the risks associated with AFVs, in particular with regard to occupational [...] Read more.

The spread of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) poses new technological and legal challenges. While these vehicles contribute to sustainable transport, their specific operational characteristics require specific regulation and infrastructure. The study analyses the risks associated with AFVs, in particular with regard to occupational safety and operation, and the extent to which the current legal framework in Hungary is able to address these challenges. It also examines the integration of AFVs into the existing transport and service network and makes recommendations for improving regulation, training and infrastructure. The study aims to contribute to enhancing road safety and legal clarity by showing that the safe integration of AFVs requires the modernisation of regulation and the adaptation of technical protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2829 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Segmentation with Compact UNET Models and Temporal Input Fusion

by Matúš Čavojský, Štefan Mikula, Juraj Gazda and Gabriel Bugár

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113071 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 805

Abstract

This work addresses the challenge of video semantic segmentation, a critical component in applications such as autonomous driving. The primary aim was to explore the role of temporal awareness in video sequences and its impact on split computing. To achieve this, we analyzed [...] Read more.

This work addresses the challenge of video semantic segmentation, a critical component in applications such as autonomous driving. The primary aim was to explore the role of temporal awareness in video sequences and its impact on split computing. To achieve this, we analyzed existing deep neural networks for semantic segmentation and their computational demands and proposed a split computing architecture that leverages high-accuracy segmentation results from a remote server to enhance performance on mobile devices. To validate the proposed approach, we developed and tested four U-Net modifications on the CamVid dataset. Our results demonstrate that incorporating segmentation masks from previous frames significantly improves accuracy in split computing scenarios. In particular, masks warped using optical flow yielded the best results, increasing segmentation accuracy from 81.1% to 84.1% with minimal additional computational cost. These findings highlight the potential of time-aware split computing to enhance video semantic segmentation performance in resource-constrained IoT environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 893 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Criteria-Based Selection of Cycling Infrastructure: Comparative Analysis of European Guidelines

by Emese Makó, Gabriella Kosztolányi-Iván and Daria Krezub

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113072 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1115

Abstract

Determining suitable cycling infrastructure is essential for transport planners in European countries seeking to improve safety, promote sustainability, and encourage active travel. This paper compares national cycling infrastructure guidelines from Ukraine, Hungary, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Slovakia. The analysis focuses on [...] Read more.

Determining suitable cycling infrastructure is essential for transport planners in European countries seeking to improve safety, promote sustainability, and encourage active travel. This paper compares national cycling infrastructure guidelines from Ukraine, Hungary, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Slovakia. The analysis focuses on key aspects such as infrastructure se-lection criteria (traffic volume, speed), threshold values, design flexibility, contextual integration, and safety performance. Although motor traffic volume and speed are regarded as essential parameters in all countries, implementation and thresholds differ significantly. The Dutch CROW manual enforces the strictest separation guidelines, while Ukraine allows mixed traffic even in higher-speed environments. The UK’s LTN 1/20 emphasizes contextual design and quality, while Hungary and Slovakia rely on matrix-based methods. The findings highlight the need for standardization and alignment with global safety norms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 2241 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Developing Longitudinal Vehicle Dynamics Model of Electric Bicycles for Virtual Validation of Active Safety Systems

by Bence Nagy and Dénes Fodor

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113073 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 991

Abstract

The increasing adoption of electric bicycles (e-bikes) has led to a growing need for advanced active safety systems, such as anti-lock braking systems (ABSs), to enhance rider safety. In recent years, both hydraulic and electromechanical ABSs were researched. To support the development and [...] Read more.

The increasing adoption of electric bicycles (e-bikes) has led to a growing need for advanced active safety systems, such as anti-lock braking systems (ABSs), to enhance rider safety. In recent years, both hydraulic and electromechanical ABSs were researched. To support the development and validation of these systems, this paper presents a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model of an electric bicycle. The model captures key physical interactions, including drivetrain, transmission, braking, and tire–road contact, to accurately simulate longitudinal motion. By leveraging this model, future studies can perform virtual validation of active safety components in a controlled and repeatable environment, reducing the dependency on costly and time-intensive physical testing. The proposed model lays the foundation for a model-based design approach, enabling early-stage performance assessment and optimization of safety-critical functions in electric bicycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 771 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

User-Specific Load Profile Clustering for Automotive Battery Applications

by Jozsef Gabor Pazmany, Zoltan Szeli and Krisztian Enisz

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113074 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 560

Abstract

In applied battery research, use-case-driven prediction is becoming increasingly important, particularly for predicting real-life load profiles. This study proposes techniques to forecast lifetime load profiles for traction batteries, comparing urban- and highway-dominated vehicular use cases. Both charging and discharging scenarios are analyzed. We [...] Read more.

In applied battery research, use-case-driven prediction is becoming increasingly important, particularly for predicting real-life load profiles. This study proposes techniques to forecast lifetime load profiles for traction batteries, comparing urban- and highway-dominated vehicular use cases. Both charging and discharging scenarios are analyzed. We examine the uncertainty in these profiles and conduct a sensitivity analysis to understand the relationship between load profiles and user behavior. In this study, we introduce a novel methodology that maps behavioral and environmental parameters to battery load clusters, enabling us to identify high-risk aging scenarios. Based on parameter studies, we perform load profile clustering to identify critical use case groups and observe key parameter interactions. We present a case study of an idealized driver under Hungarian environmental conditions to predict outlier battery usage in fleets. This novel approach enables more robust predictions of aging and performance degradation for automotive traction batteries across different user clusters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 1449 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling and Control of a Pan–Tilt Servo System for Face Tracking Using Deep Learning and PID

by Mihnea Dimitrie Doloiu, Ioan-Alexandru Spulber, Ilie Indreica, Gigel Măceșanu, Bogdan Sibisan and Tiberiu-Teodor Cociaș

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113075 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1663

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive modeling and control strategy for a pan–tilt (PT) servo system designed for real-time object tracking (specifically face detection) using deep learning and PID control. The system integrates a YOLO-based neural network to detect and localize the target within [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive modeling and control strategy for a pan–tilt (PT) servo system designed for real-time object tracking (specifically face detection) using deep learning and PID control. The system integrates a YOLO-based neural network to detect and localize the target within an image, mapping its coordinates from 3D space onto the 2D image plane through a mathematically defined geometric camera model. A complete mathematical representation of the pan–tilt mechanism is developed, accounting for all relevant forces and system components. Based on this model, a PID controller is designed, and its parameters are identified and implemented using the Ziegler–Nichols tuning method. Experimental results demonstrate that the system effectively tracks objects in real time, exhibiting minimal latency and precise motor responses. These findings suggest that the proposed approach is well-suited for practical applications, including security surveillance, assistive technologies, and interactive robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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9 pages, 187 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Supplier Collaboration and Trust Enablers of Sustainable and Resilient Supply Chain

by Daniel Simon

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113076 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

Today’s cross-regional supply chains face rising disruptions from geopolitical conflicts and climate-related events, alongside increasing pressure to meet sustainability goals. This study explores how supplier collaboration and trust influence both supply chain resilience and sustainability. The objective is to assess whether, and how, [...] Read more.

Today’s cross-regional supply chains face rising disruptions from geopolitical conflicts and climate-related events, alongside increasing pressure to meet sustainability goals. This study explores how supplier collaboration and trust influence both supply chain resilience and sustainability. The objective is to assess whether, and how, these relational capabilities enhance a supply chain’s ability to manage disruptions while supporting environmental goals. The research is based on a structured survey of 252 validated, supply chain professionals. Quantitative analysis using descriptive statistics and regression models examined the relationships between collaboration, trust, resilience, and sustainability. The findings show that both collaboration and trust significantly impact resilience and sustainability, though in different ways: collaboration is more closely tied to resilience, while trust more strongly supports sustainability. This study provides new empirical insights in a field often led by theory and offers practical guidance for building supply chains that are both adaptive and environmentally responsible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

9 pages, 215 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Environmental Impacts of Synthetic Fuels

by Pál Lukács and Róbert Auer

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113077 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2473

Abstract

In 2024, synthetic fuels regained attention as potential low-emission alternatives for internal combustion engines (ICEs), particularly in sectors where electrification remains challenging. This paper compares the estimated CO₂ emission factors of fossil-based fuels and synthetic fuels blended with 20% bioethanol under standardized [...] Read more.

In 2024, synthetic fuels regained attention as potential low-emission alternatives for internal combustion engines (ICEs), particularly in sectors where electrification remains challenging. This paper compares the estimated CO₂ emission factors of fossil-based fuels and synthetic fuels blended with 20% bioethanol under standardized usage conditions. A key finding is that the emission factor of synthetic fuels is highly dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity used to produce green hydrogen via electrolysis. Using the projected EU electricity mix for 2030, synthetic fuels show no clear advantage over fossil fuels. However, with a cleaner electricity mix expected by 2050, their emission factor becomes significantly lower. From an economic standpoint, the viability of synthetic fuel production largely depends on reducing green hydrogen costs of €1.50–2.00 per kg through technological advancements and large-scale deployment. This analysis offers a realistic perspective on when and how synthetic fuels could contribute to climate objectives and outlines the technical and economic conditions necessary for their environmental and market viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

6 pages, 935 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Extended Measurement Methods for Onboard Detection of Brake Disc Deformation

by Péter Őri and István Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113078 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

Runout is a common failure of brake discs. The detection of this fault usually depends on the driver, as there is a vibration in the car and on the brake pedal. As Advanced Driver Assistant Systems are implemented and autonomous driving modes are [...] Read more.

Runout is a common failure of brake discs. The detection of this fault usually depends on the driver, as there is a vibration in the car and on the brake pedal. As Advanced Driver Assistant Systems are implemented and autonomous driving modes are available, braking is carried out by the car instead. Brake disc runout can cause longer braking distance, so it is essential to recognize and repair it. NVH measurements have been validated to be one of the solutions to detect the fault immediately without disassembling the brake unit. In this article, the previous vibration measurements are extended with other methods that can also be used for fault detection. Brake fluid pressure measurement and integration of the disc rotation angle sensor enable the detection of faults without additional sensors. The aim of the research is to design a measurement method that can be compared with previously validated measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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7 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Leveraging AI in Mitigating Road Accidents and Alleviating Traffic Congestion: A South African Perspective

by Siyabonga Nxumalo

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113079 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

This study aims to achieve its objectives in two folds: firstly, by examining the current challenges in South Africa’s traffic ecosystem, which lead to excessive road accidents and traffic congestion, and finally, by proposing an AI-driven model to be incorporated in South Africa’s [...] Read more.

This study aims to achieve its objectives in two folds: firstly, by examining the current challenges in South Africa’s traffic ecosystem, which lead to excessive road accidents and traffic congestion, and finally, by proposing an AI-driven model to be incorporated in South Africa’s Traffic Management System to enhance road safety and reduce traffic congestion. As a literature-based study, secondary data was collected and critically analyzed to comprehend the key factors that precipitate road accidents and yield sluggish traffic congestion in South Africa’s big cities, and thereafter, we developed a suitable AI model (ITTE) that would assist in mitigating road accidents and alleviate traffic congestion. This study found that leveraging AI in the transportation ecosystem would identify issues like infrastructural weaknesses, unsafe driving, and environmental risks. This would allow for proactive or automated corrective actions such as adjusting traffic signals or urgently alerting stakeholders such as drivers, pedestrians, and authorities with real-time updates, fostering a culture of being well-informed and responsive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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8 pages, 3595 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Educational Aspect of Testing and Diagnostics of Drones

by Ákos Cservenák

Eng. Proc. 2025, 113(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025113080 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 643

Abstract

Nowadays, everybody can hear about different drone technologies, as they continuously appear in everyday life. It is easy to see on the internet how many possibilities are available with a drone. The hobby use of aerial photography can be regarded as basic, but [...] Read more.

Nowadays, everybody can hear about different drone technologies, as they continuously appear in everyday life. It is easy to see on the internet how many possibilities are available with a drone. The hobby use of aerial photography can be regarded as basic, but this photographic feature can also be used for professional purposes, such as at different festivals, weddings, and by the police. However, operating a drone is still not a toy-like activity. Especially for larger drones, but also for smaller ones, several steps are necessary to operate them safely. Sometimes it occurs, especially for older or slightly damaged drones, that testing and diagnostic are necessary to obtain information about the malfunctions. Educational purposes are also important in engineering education, and basic drone education should be extended with diagnostic viewpoints. This paper introduces different diagnostic techniques for drones, our own experiences, and their usability in education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Symposium 2025)

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