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Eng. Proc., 2025, IECB 2025

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13 pages, 1285 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Wearable Biosensors for Glucose Monitoring in Sweat: A Patent Analysis
by Massimo Barbieri and Giuseppe Andreoni
Eng. Proc. 2025, 106(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025106001 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 938
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are increasing in relevance both in health and the economy in most countries. In this direction, if gold-standard technologies are based on blood analysis, non-invasive glucose monitoring is a relevant and great challenge that has not yet been fully resolved. Sweat [...] Read more.
Metabolic diseases are increasing in relevance both in health and the economy in most countries. In this direction, if gold-standard technologies are based on blood analysis, non-invasive glucose monitoring is a relevant and great challenge that has not yet been fully resolved. Sweat represents a more suitable medium for the non-invasive sensing and monitoring of glucose than other bodily fluids, such as saliva, tears, or urine. However, the measurement of glucose levels requires the use of highly precise and sensitive sensors, given the low glucose concentration in sweat. This paper provides an overview of the patent landscape related to wearable biosensors for the monitoring of glucose levels in sweat. Full article
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12 pages, 3691 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A High-Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensor Based on Polyaniline/Sodium Alginate Composite for Pb and Cd Detection
by Ratiba Wali, Nouha Ghorbel, Ramzi Maalej and Mourad Arous
Eng. Proc. 2025, 106(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025106002 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
Water pollution remains one of the most pressing global environmental challenges, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various pollutants, heavy metal contamination is particularly concerning, even at trace concentrations, due to its bioaccumulative and toxic effects. The Efficient detection [...] Read more.
Water pollution remains one of the most pressing global environmental challenges, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various pollutants, heavy metal contamination is particularly concerning, even at trace concentrations, due to its bioaccumulative and toxic effects. The Efficient detection of heavy metals is therefore essential for effective environmental monitoring and public health protection. In this study, we present the development of an advanced electrochemical sensor based on polyaniline (PANI) incorporated into a sodium alginate (SA) matrix. The PANI/SA composite was synthesized via in-situ polymerization, improving both the material’s electrical conductivity and mechanical stability. The Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed a porous, interconnected structure favorable for electrochemical activity. Excellent sensitivity, stability, selectivity and rapid response times for Pb2+ and Cd2+ detection were demonstrated by the sensor that was created by fusing the high conductivity of PANI with the biocompatibility and gel-like qualities of SA. Notably, the sensor modified with 10 µL of PANI/SA suspension achieved a sensitivity of 3.183 µA µM−1 cm−2 for Cd2+ detection, representing an eightfold increase compared to the sensor using 5 µL (0.394 µA µM−1 cm−2). These results highlight the potential of the PANI/SA-based sensor for real-time and low-level heavy metal ion monitoring in environmental applications. Full article
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12 pages, 1838 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Edge IoT-Enabled Cyber–Physical Systems with Paper-Based Biosensors and Temporal Convolutional Networks for Real-Time Water Contamination Monitoring
by Jothi Akshya, Munusamy Sundarrajan and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj
Eng. Proc. 2025, 106(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025106003 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Water pollution poses serious threats to public health and the environment, therefore requiring efficient and scalable monitoring solutions. This paper presents a cyber–physical system (CPS) that integrates paper-based biosensors with an edge IoT architecture and long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) for real-time assessment [...] Read more.
Water pollution poses serious threats to public health and the environment, therefore requiring efficient and scalable monitoring solutions. This paper presents a cyber–physical system (CPS) that integrates paper-based biosensors with an edge IoT architecture and long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) for real-time assessment of water quality. The biosensors detect pollutants such as arsenic, lead, and nitrates with a detection limit of 0.5 ppb. The system proposed was compared with existing LSTM systems based on two performance metrics: detection accuracy and latency. Paper-based biosensors were fabricated using silver nanoparticle-functionalized substrates to show high sensitivity and low-cost pollutant detection. TCN algorithm deployment at the edge allows for real-time processing for time-series data analysis due to its high accuracy and low latency properties compared with LSTM models, which were mainly chosen due to their usage in most applications dealing with time-series-based analysis. Experimentation was carried out by deploying the developed CPS in controlled environments, simulating pollutants at different levels, and executing the models to test their accuracy in detecting pollutants and the latency of data processing. The TCN framework achieved a detection accuracy of 98.7%, which surpassed LSTM by 92.4%. In addition, TCN reduced latency in processing by 38% to enable fast data analysis and decision making. LoRaWAN allowed for perfect packet transmission of up to 15 km, while the loss rate stayed as low as 2.1%. These results establish the proposed CPS as reliable, efficient, and scalable for real-time water contamination monitoring. Thus, this research introduces the integration of paper-based biosensors with advanced computational frameworks. Full article
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8 pages, 1562 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Polymeric Ionic Liquids as Effective Biosensor Components
by Dmitry Kultin, Olga Lebedeva, Irina Kuznetsova and Leonid Kustov
Eng. Proc. 2025, 106(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025106004 - 19 Aug 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
The unique properties present great prospects for polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) research in these areas, where progress and breakthrough technologies can be expected in the coming years. This brief review examines the latest work (2024–2025) and the prospects for using PILs as an [...] Read more.
The unique properties present great prospects for polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) research in these areas, where progress and breakthrough technologies can be expected in the coming years. This brief review examines the latest work (2024–2025) and the prospects for using PILs as an effective component of sensor-related devices for medical or biological applications. Potentially, the PILs-based sensors can detect various movements in real time, which are necessary for high-performance wearable sensor platforms. The artificial electronic skin demonstrates high potential not only as a recording of body signals, but also as an effective wound dressing. The polymer actuators with PILs are indispensable in many applications. Full article
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21 pages, 928 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Advances in Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Emerging Trends and Applications
by Kerolina Sonowal, Partha Protim Borthakur and Kalyani Pathak
Eng. Proc. 2025, 106(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025106005 - 29 Aug 2025
Viewed by 161
Abstract
Enzyme-based biosensors have emerged as a transformative technology, leveraging the specificity and catalytic efficiency of enzymes across various domains, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and industrial processes. These biosensors integrate biological recognition elements with advanced transduction mechanisms to provide highly sensitive, [...] Read more.
Enzyme-based biosensors have emerged as a transformative technology, leveraging the specificity and catalytic efficiency of enzymes across various domains, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and industrial processes. These biosensors integrate biological recognition elements with advanced transduction mechanisms to provide highly sensitive, selective, and portable solutions for real-time analysis. This review explores the key components, detection mechanisms, applications, and future trends in enzyme-based biosensors. Artificial enzymes, such as nanozymes, play a crucial role in enhancing enzyme-based biosensors by mimicking natural enzyme activity while offering improved stability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Their integration can significantly boost sensor performance by increasing the catalytic efficiency and durability. Additionally, lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic devices enable the miniaturization of biosensors, allowing for the development of compact, portable devices that require minimal sample volumes for complex diagnostic tests. The functionality of enzyme-based biosensors is built on three essential components: enzymes as biocatalysts, transducers, and immobilization techniques. Enzymes serve as the biological recognition elements, catalyzing specific reactions with target molecules to produce detectable signals. Transducers, including electrochemical, optical, thermal, and mass-sensitive types, convert these biochemical reactions into measurable outputs. Effective immobilization strategies, such as physical adsorption, covalent bonding, and entrapment, enhance the enzyme stability and reusability, enabling consistent performance. In medical diagnostics, they are widely used for glucose monitoring, cholesterol detection, and biomarker identification. Environmental monitoring benefits from these biosensors by detecting pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and nerve agents. The food industry employs them for quality control and contamination monitoring. Their advantages include high sensitivity, rapid response times, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to field applications. Enzyme-based biosensors face challenges such as enzyme instability, interference from biological matrices, and limited operational lifespans. Addressing these issues involves innovations like the use of synthetic enzymes, advanced immobilization techniques, and the integration of nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. These advancements enhance the enzyme stability, improve sensitivity, and reduce detection limits, making the technology more robust and scalable. Full article
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