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Polysaccharides
Volume 6
Issue 3
10.3390/polysaccharides6030065
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimization of TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Chitosan to Enhance Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

by
Abdellah Mourak
1,*,
Aziz Ait-Karra
1,
Mourad Ouhammou
1,2,
Abdoussadeq Ouamnina
3,
Abderrahim Boutasknit
3,4,
Mohamed El Hassan Bouchari
3,5,
Najat Elhadiri
1 and
Abdelhakim Alagui
1
1
Physical Chemistry Laboratory of Materials and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
2
The Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Marrakech, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
3
Laboratory of Excellence in Agro-Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Agro-Biotech Centre, CNRST Approved Research Unit (URL-05-CNRST) Physiology of Abiotic Stress Team, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
4
Department of Biology, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University, Nador 62700, Morocco
5
Laboratory of Agro-Industrial and Medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, B.P. 523, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polysaccharides 2025, 6(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030065
Submission received: 23 May 2025 / Revised: 29 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 July 2025 / Published: 28 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitin and Collagen: Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Applications, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study systematically investigated the oxidation of chitosan using the TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr catalytic system under varying experimental conditions, namely temperature, reaction time, and pH, in order to optimize the oxidation process. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimal parameters for maximizing the efficiency of the reaction. The structural modifications to the chitosan following oxidation were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), alongside additional analytical techniques, which validated the successful introduction of carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups. Solvent-cast films were prepared from both native and oxidized chitosan in order to evaluate their functional performance. The antibacterial activity of these films was assessed against Gram-negative (Salmonella) and Gram-positive (Streptococcus faecalis) bacterial strains. The oxidized chitosan films exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial effects, particularly at shorter incubation periods. In addition, antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelation assays, which both revealed a marked improvement in radical scavenging ability and metal ion binding capacity in oxidized chitosan. These findings confirm that TEMPO-mediated oxidation effectively enhances the physicochemical and bioactive properties of chitosan, highlighting its potential for biomedical and environmental applications.
Keywords: chitosan films; antibacterial and antioxidant activity; response surface methodology; TEMPO-oxidized chitosan chitosan films; antibacterial and antioxidant activity; response surface methodology; TEMPO-oxidized chitosan

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mourak, A.; Ait-Karra, A.; Ouhammou, M.; Ouamnina, A.; Boutasknit, A.; Bouchari, M.E.H.; Elhadiri, N.; Alagui, A. Optimization of TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Chitosan to Enhance Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Polysaccharides 2025, 6, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030065

AMA Style

Mourak A, Ait-Karra A, Ouhammou M, Ouamnina A, Boutasknit A, Bouchari MEH, Elhadiri N, Alagui A. Optimization of TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Chitosan to Enhance Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Polysaccharides. 2025; 6(3):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mourak, Abdellah, Aziz Ait-Karra, Mourad Ouhammou, Abdoussadeq Ouamnina, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Mohamed El Hassan Bouchari, Najat Elhadiri, and Abdelhakim Alagui. 2025. "Optimization of TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Chitosan to Enhance Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities" Polysaccharides 6, no. 3: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030065

APA Style

Mourak, A., Ait-Karra, A., Ouhammou, M., Ouamnina, A., Boutasknit, A., Bouchari, M. E. H., Elhadiri, N., & Alagui, A. (2025). Optimization of TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Chitosan to Enhance Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Polysaccharides, 6(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6030065

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