Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of the Fire Source for Full-Scale Fire Tests
2.1. Selection of the Ignition Source
2.2. Fuel Package Selection
- ①
- Polyurethane Foam (PUF)
- -
- 600 mm (L) × 600 mm (W) × 100 mm (D) [1EA]
- ②
- Wood crib
- -
- 305 mm (L) × 305 mm (W) ×152 mm (H)
- -
- Assembly weight: 2.5~3.2 kg
- ③
- Heptane pan (for igniting the wood crib)
- -
- 305 mm (L) × 305 mm (W) × 104 mm (H)(0.5 L of water and 0.25 L of normal heptane)
- ④
- Cotton wick for igniting the sofa
- -
- 150 mm (length) × 6.4 mm (diameter)
- ⑤
- Heptane can (for igniting the sofa)
- -
- 77 mm (inner diameter) × 153 mm (H) (80 mm (H) of water and 20 mm (H) of heptane)
2.3. Preparation of a Fire Test Room and a Test Method for Full-Scale Fire Tests
2.3.1. Fire Test Room
2.3.2. Fire Test Procedure and Test Method
- (a)
- First, the combustible material (i.e., ignition source) is ignited after fueling the heptane pan or can for ignition.
- (b)
- The temperature is measured once or more per second using the temperature collection device.
- (c)
- Firefighting water is supplied to the piping connected to the sprinklers, and the discharge pressure is set to 0.1 MPa.
- (d)
- If the sprinklers begin to operate due to fire growth, the test is continued for 10 min.
- (e)
- If the fire is not controlled by the discharged water, the test is immediately stopped, and the fire is extinguished using a fire hydrant.
- (f)
- The water discharge is stopped after 10 min, and the remaining fire is extinguished manually.
2.3.3. Fire Control Performance Requirements
- (a)
- The maximum temperatures at points 76 mm below the ceiling must not exceed 315 °C.
- (b)
- The maximum temperatures at points 1.6 m above the floor (height of the stream of breath) must not exceed 93 °C.
- (c)
- The temperatures at the points described in item (b) must not exceed 54 °C for more than 2 min.
- (d)
- The temperature of the ceiling material directly above the ignition source must not exceed 260 °C.
2.4. Ignition Source Application Method for Constructing the Fire Source of the Fuel Package
- (a)
- Practically the most feasible fire scenario, in which a fire expands and spreads to the bottom of the sofa after a trash can or a cigarette butt under the sofa catches fire. The heptane can is used to simulate a small ignition source. The sofa is placed in the corner of the fire room and separated from the wall by the seat depth (400 mm) considering the condition that another sofa is placed next to it in the perpendicular direction.
- (b)
- The same ignition method as (a) is applied, but the sofa is pushed up against the wall, to consider the case of using one sofa to simulate a condition favorable for fire growth.
- (c)
- The wood crib is used as the ignition source, instead of a heptane can, in the corner under the sofa. A combustible material much larger than a trash can (e.g., stove) is simulated. The sofa is separated from the wall by 400 mm.
- (d)
- The condition is the same as that in (c), but the sofa is pushed up against the wall to simulate a more severe condition.
- (e)
- The sofa is placed 400 mm away from the wall. The wood crib, as the ignition source, is placed next to the sofa, not under the sofa, such that it can be reached by the firefighting water from the sprinkler (uncovered condition).
- (f)
- The condition is the same as that in (c), but the wood crib is placed in the center under the sofa, and cotton wicks are placed on the sofa. The wood crib and the cotton wicks are ignited at the same time.
- (g)
- The condition is the same as that in (f), but two wood cribs are used as the ignition sources.
3. Full-Scale Fire Test Results and Considerations
3.1. Sofa Model Fire Test Results and Discussion According to the Ignition Sources
3.2. Comparison of the Fire Control Performance with the Simulated Furniture Fire Test
3.3. Comparison of Fire Control Performances According to the Discharge Rate
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Occupancy | Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (kW/m2) |
---|---|
Shop | 550 [21] 250 [22] |
Offices | 290 [21] 250 [22] |
Hotel rooms | 250 [21,22] |
Dwelling, Hospital (room) | 250 [22] |
Transport (public space) | 250 [22] |
Industrial | 90–620 [21] |
Library, theater (cinema) | 500 [22] |
Excluding storage | Depending upon fuel arrangement [21] |
Item | Specification |
---|---|
Operating temperature | 72 °C |
Maximum ambient temperature | 39 °C |
Surface treatment | Nickel-chrome plating |
Joint screw standard | 15 A (PT 1/2″) |
Orifice size | 10.3 mm |
Pressure for the pressure test | 2.5 MPa |
Discharge rate | 50 LPM (0.1 MPa) |
K factor | 50 ± 2.5 |
Spray radius | R 2.3 m |
Fuel Package | Maximum Temperature (°C) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | ||
W.C. + S.F. | 1st | 118.4 | 102.9 | 94 | 82.8 | 59.8 | 46.2 | 59 |
2nd | 118.8 | 108.1 | 115.4 | 99.5 | 64 | 66 | 68.1 | |
3rd | 120 | 102.1 | 99.2 | 87.9 | 44.3 | 54.6 | 45 | |
Ave. | 119.07 | 104.37 | 102.87 | 90.07 | 56.03 | 55.60 | 57.37 | |
T1 * | T2 * | T3 * | T4 * | T5 * | T6 * | T7 * | ||
H.C. + S.M. | 1st | 132 | 152.8 | 139.2 | 130.1 | 51.1 | 53.3 | 46.4 |
2nd | 133.6 | 249.6 | 151.9 | 146.7 | 52.2 | 54.3 | 48.7 | |
3rd | 134.1 | 141.7 | 126.3 | 116.5 | 48.2 | 53.1 | 46 | |
Ave. | 133.37 | 181.37 | 139.13 | 131.10 | 50.50 | 53.57 | 47.03 |
Fuel Package | Maximum Temperature (°C) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 ** | T2 ** | T3 ** | T4 ** | T5 ** | T6 ** | T7 ** | ||
S.M. | 1st | 636.2 | 625.9 | 452.6 | 261.5 | 100.9 | 99.3 | 97.3 |
2nd | 484.1 | 629.6 | 168 | 279.7 | 59.6 | 106.3 | 100 | |
3rd | 559.7 | 463.3 | 313.7 | 293.1 | 71.1 | 73.9 | 81.5 | |
Ave. | 560 | 572.93 | 311.43 | 278.1 | 77.2 | 93.17 | 92.93 |
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Park, J.; Kwark, J. Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes. Fire 2021, 4, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4010008
Park J, Kwark J. Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes. Fire. 2021; 4(1):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4010008
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jeonghwa, and Jihyun Kwark. 2021. "Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes" Fire 4, no. 1: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4010008
APA StylePark, J., & Kwark, J. (2021). Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes. Fire, 4(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire4010008