Effect of Basalt Fibres on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Multi-Material Packaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Processing
2.3. Mechanical Characterization of Composites
2.4. Thermal Characterization of Composites
2.5. Morphological Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Thermal Characterization of Composites
3.2. Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Composites
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen ID | EcoAllene (wt.%) | Basalt Fibres (wt.%) | CA (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|
EcoAl_neat | 100 | - | - |
EcoAl_10BAS | 90 | 10 | - |
EcoAl_10BAS+CA | 85 | 10 | 5 |
EcoAl_30BAS | 70 | 30 | - |
EcoAl_30BAS+CA | 65 | 30 | 5 |
Specimen ID | T5% (°C) | T10% (°C) | Tmax (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
EcoAl_neat | 438.5 ± 0.6 | 452.5 ± 1.1 | 484.6 ± 0.8 |
EcoAl_10BAS | 398.6 ± 0.9 | 430.2 ± 1.2 | 479.3 ± 0.9 |
EcoAl_10BAS+CA | 395.6 ± 0.8 | 434.3 ± 1.2 | 481.8 ± 0.9 |
EcoAl_30BAS | 403.1 ± 1.0 | 437.8 ± 1.1 | 481.3 ± 1.0 |
EcoAl_30BAS+CA | 395.8 ± 0.9 | 435.0 ± 0.9 | 480.7 ± 1.1 |
Specimen ID | Tm1 (°C) | Tm2 (°C) | Tm3 (°C) | Tc1 (°C) | Tc2 (°C) | Tc3 (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EcoAl_neat | 108.5 ± 0.2 | 128.0 ± 0.1 | 163.8 ± 0.1 | 112.7 ± 0.01 | 92.6 ± 0.3 | 76.6 ± 0.3 |
EcoAl_10BAS | 106.1 ± 0.1 | 126.7 ± 0.1 | 162.3 ± 0.1 | 112.7 ± 0.1 | 92.7 ± 0.1 | 75.3 ± 0.2 |
EcoAl_10BAS+CA | 107.4 ± 0.1 | 127.6 ± 0.1 | 163.2 ± 0.2 | 112.5 ± 0.2 | 93.55 ± 0.2 | 74.2 ± 0.4 |
EcoAl_30BAS | 106.7 ± 0.1 | 127.0 ± 0.1 | 162.4 ± 0.3 | 112.2 ± 0.1 | 92.55 ± 0.2 | 73.7 ± 0.1 |
EcoAl_30BAS+CA | 107.1 ± 0.2 | 128.5 ± 0.4 | 162.7 ± 0.3 | 111.6 ± 0.4 | 92.6 ± 0.5 | 73.1 ± 0.5 |
Specimen ID | Tensile Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Strain at Maximum Stress (%) | Flexural Modulus (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Strain at Maximum Stress (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EcoAl_neat | 338 ± 23 | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 45.6 ± 7.6 | 493 ± 6 | 18.1 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.1 |
EcoAl_10BAS | 897 ± 42 | 22.4 ± 0.5 | 33.6 ± 3.0 | 904 ± 57 | 20.8 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.2 |
EcoAl_10BAS+CA | 1150 ± 83 | 26.0 ± 0.2 | 14.7 ± 0.4 | 1130 ± 71 | 26.7 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.3 |
EcoAl_30BAS | 2890 ± 44 | 29.6 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 1.8 | 2930 ± 179 | 34.5 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.3 |
EcoAl_30BAS+CA | 3750 ± 142 | 36.6 ± 0.6 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 3630 ± 85 | 47.4 ± 2.4 | 4.6 ± 0.2 |
Matrix Type | Fibre Type | Coupling Agent | Tensile Modulus (GPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) | Charpy Impact Strength (kJ/m2) | Fibre Content (wt%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP | Basalt | yes | 4.7 | 68 | 73 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 20 | [26] |
HDPE | Basalt | yes | 5.2 | 52 | - | - | - | 30 | [21] |
HDPE | Hemp | yes | 3.8 | 36 | - | - | - | 30 | [21] |
HDPE | Basalt | no | 6.46 | 47.87 | 81.4 | 6.05 | - | 40 | [27] |
HDPE | Flax | no | 4.63 | 21.64 | 43.6 | 5.14 | - | 40 | [27] |
PLA | Basalt | no | 7.8 | 72.14 | 130 | 6.7 | - | 15 | [28] |
Virgin HDPE | Basalt | no | 4.2 | 41.6 | 52.4 | 4.1 | - | 30 | [29] |
Recycled HDPE | Basalt | no | 4.2 | 40.6 | 45.6 | 3.6 | - | 30 | [29] |
PBS | Basalt | no | 1.3 | 46 | 71 | 3.8 | - | 15vol | [30] |
PA6 | Basalt | no | 7.79 | 120 | 170.8 | 6.06 | 12.7 | 30 | [31] |
Recycled PET | Basalt | no | 4.07 | 57.38 | 103.80 | 4.53 | 4.83 | 30 | [32] |
Recycled PET | Basalt | no | 8.65 | 112.9 | - | 7.74 | 8.1 | 30 | [33] |
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Sergi, C.; Tirillò, J.; Valente, T.; Sarasini, F. Effect of Basalt Fibres on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Multi-Material Packaging. J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6030072
Sergi C, Tirillò J, Valente T, Sarasini F. Effect of Basalt Fibres on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Multi-Material Packaging. Journal of Composites Science. 2022; 6(3):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6030072
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergi, Claudia, Jacopo Tirillò, Teodoro Valente, and Fabrizio Sarasini. 2022. "Effect of Basalt Fibres on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Multi-Material Packaging" Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 3: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6030072