Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Sample Collection
2.2. Serological Diagnostic Testing
2.3. Statistical, Spatial Correlation, and Relative Risk Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tested Animals (n = 4247) | Positive | % Apparent Seroprevalence (95% CI) | % True Seroprevalence (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
FMD NSP * | 2144 | 50.5 (49.0, 52.0) | 54.6 (53.0, 56.2) |
Brucellosis | 30 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) |
Q fever | 71 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) |
Province of Origin | Date Collected | Type | Positive |
---|---|---|---|
Salavan | 28 May 2020 | Cattle | 1 |
Xiangkhouang | 24 August 2020 | Cattle | 1 |
Phongsali | 6 September 2020 | Buffalo | 1 |
Luang Prabang | 6 September 2020 | Cattle | 3 |
7 September 2020 | Cattle | 8 | |
8 September 2020 | Cattle | 3 | |
9 September 2020 | Cattle | 4 | |
26 September 2020 | Cattle | 3 | |
27 September 2020 | Cattle | 3 | |
28 September 2020 | Cattle | 3 | |
Total | 30 |
Province of Origin | Type | Total (n) | FMD NSP * | Brucellosis | Q Fever | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Sero Prevalence | Positive | Sero Prevalence | Positive | Sero Prevalence | |||
Attapeu (ATP) | Buffalo | 57 | 30 | 52.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 1.8% |
Cattle | 39 | 14 | 35.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Bokeo (BK) | Buffalo | 74 | 53 | 71.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 36 | 28 | 77.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Bolikamxai (BLX) | Buffalo | 106 | 69 | 65.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 170 | 99 | 58.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 1.2% | |
Champasak (CPS) | Buffalo | 121 | 49 | 40.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 308 | 98 | 31.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 7 | 2.3% | |
Houaphanh (HP) | Buffalo | 66 | 40 | 60.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 256 | 160 | 62.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 2.3% | |
Khammouane (KM) | Buffalo | 114 | 85 | 74.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 181 | 148 | 81.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Luang Namtha (LNT) | Buffalo | 11 | 3 | 27.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 42 | 15 | 35.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 4.8% | |
Luang Prabang (LBP) | Buffalo | 117 | 51 | 43.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.9% |
Cattle | 282 | 154 | 54.6% | 27 | 9.6% | 11 | 3.9% | |
Oudomxay (OUD) | Buffalo | 114 | 38 | 33.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 5.3% |
Cattle | 178 | 80 | 44.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 2.8% | |
Phongsali (PSL) | Buffalo | 181 | 57 | 31.5% | 1 | 0.6% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 159 | 48 | 30.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 1.9% | |
Salavan (SLV) | Buffalo | 94 | 39 | 41.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 2.1% |
Cattle | 326 | 106 | 32.5% | 1 | 0.3% | 7 | 2.1% | |
Savannakhet (SVK) | Buffalo | 110 | 42 | 38.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 437 | 284 | 65.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.9% | |
Vientiane prefecture (VTE) | Cattle | 1 | 1 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Vientiane (VTP) | Buffalo | 13 | 5 | 38.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 53 | 25 | 47.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Xekong (XEK) | Buffalo | 44 | 26 | 59.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 115 | 53 | 46.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 2.6% | |
Xiangkhouang (XKH) | Buffalo | 46 | 33 | 71.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 297 | 168 | 56.6% | 1 | 0.3% | 9 | 3.0% | |
Xaisomboun (XSB) | Buffalo | 4 | 2 | 50.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 20 | 8 | 40.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 5.0% | |
Xayabuli (XY) | Buffalo | 43 | 19 | 44.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Cattle | 31 | 13 | 41.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 3.2% | |
Thailand | Buffalo | 1 | 1 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
Total | 4247 | 2144 | 50.5% | 30 | 0.7% | 71 | 1.7% |
Variable (Reference Group) | p-Value ^,** | Category ** | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
FMD NSP * | |||
Destination province (Phongsali) | <0.00001 | Attapeu | 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) |
Bokeo | 6.0 (3.7, 9.9) | ||
Bolikamxai | 3.7 (2.7, 5.2) | ||
Houaphanh | 3.6 (2.6, 4.9) | ||
Khammouane | 10.1 (6.9,14.8) | ||
Luang Namtha | 2.2 (1.4, 3.5) | ||
Luang Prabang | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | ||
Oudomxay | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | ||
Savannakhet | 4.6 (3.4, 6.4) | ||
Vientiane prefecture | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | ||
Xekong | 3.0 (2.0, 4.6) | ||
Xiangkhouang | 3.2 (2.4, 4.4) | ||
Xayabuli | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | ||
Province of origin (Phongsali) | <0.00001 | Attapeu | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) |
Bokeo | 6.3 (3.9, 10.1) | ||
Bolikamxai | 3.5 (2.5, 4.9) | ||
Houaphanh | 3.7 (2.7, 5.1) | ||
Khammouane | 8.4 (5.9, 12.1) | ||
Luang Prabang | 2.4 (1.7, 3.2) | ||
Oudomxay | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | ||
Savannakhet | 3.3 (2.5, 4.4) | ||
Vientiane | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | ||
Xekong | 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) | ||
Xiangkhouang | 3.2 (2.3, 4.3) | ||
Xayabuli | 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) | ||
Sex (Male) | 7.97 × 10−8 | Sex: Female | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) |
Age (1–2 Years) | 0.009269 | Age: 9 Years or more | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
Date collection (25 January 2020) | <0.00001 | Date collected 23 September 2020 | 10.5 (1.4, 78.1) |
Date collected 6 November 2020 | 15.3 (1.9, 122.8) | ||
Date collected 7 November 2020 | 9.7 (1.4, 65.4) | ||
Date collected 8 November 2020 | 11.5 (1.6, 85.2) | ||
Date collected 20 November 2020 | 8.0 (1.1, 56.8) | ||
Collection month (March) | <0.00001 | Collection.month: August | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) |
Collection.month: September | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) | ||
Collection.month: October | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5) | ||
Collection.month: November | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) | ||
Collection.month: December | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | ||
Q fever | |||
Destination province (Bokeo) | 0.005182 | - | - |
Province of origin (Bokeo) | 0.005772 | - | - |
Animal type (Buffalo) | 0.000855 | Animal type: Cattle | 2.8 (1.4, 5.4) |
Collection month (February) | 3.40 × 10−6 | - | - |
Brucellosis | |||
Destination province (Bokeo) | <0.00001 | - | - |
Province of origin (Bokeo) | <0.00001 | - | - |
Body condition score (score 1) | 0.003206 | - | - |
Age (1–2 Years) | 0.007222 | - | - |
Animal type (Buffalo) | 9.87 × 10−5 | Animal type: Cattle | 13.1 (1.8, 96.5) |
Collection month (February) | <0.00001 | - | - |
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Siengsanan-Lamont, J.; Theppangna, W.; Phommachanh, P.; Khounsy, S.; Selleck, P.W.; Matsumoto, N.; Gleeson, L.J.; Blacksell, S.D. Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050078
Siengsanan-Lamont J, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Khounsy S, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD. Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(5):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050078
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiengsanan-Lamont, Jarunee, Watthana Theppangna, Phouvong Phommachanh, Syseng Khounsy, Paul W. Selleck, Nina Matsumoto, Laurence J. Gleeson, and Stuart D. Blacksell. 2022. "Abattoir-Based Serological Surveillance and Spatial Risk Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, and Q Fever in Lao PDR Large Ruminants" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 5: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7050078