Antenatal Practices Ineffective at Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria during Pregnancy in a Sub-Saharan Africa Region, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design and Sample Size
2.3. Ethical Clearance
2.4. Questionnaires
2.5. Malaria Diagnosis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Density of Pregnancy-Associated Malaria
3.2. Antenatal Visits and Malaria Prevalence
3.3. Mosquito Bed Net Ownership and Usage
3.4. Intermittent Preventive Malaria Chemotherapy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Sensitization on malaria prevention during the morning antenatal enlightenment class should be introduced;
- Malaria diagnosis during pregnancy should be made routine and carried out at least once every month; and efforts should be made at making it completely free;
- Effort should be made at providing treated mosquito bed nets;
- Finally, antenatal attendees should be enlightened and encouraged to take malaria preventive chemotherapy in accordance with WHO recommendations.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. Examined (%) | No. Infected (%) * | Parasite Density (/µL) × 103 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Within Obstetric | Within Malaria | |||
Gravidity | ||||
Primi | 21 (28.0) | 8 (38.1) | (21.1) | 268.13 ± 58.23 a |
Secundi | 14 (18.7) | 7 (50.0) | (18.4) | 92.14 ± 4.72 ab |
Multi | 40 (53.3) | 23 (57.5) | (60.5) | 65.22 ± 20.17 b |
Total | 75 (100) | 38 (50.7) | (100) χ2 = 2.078, p = 0.354 | 112.89 ± 22.90 |
Parity | ||||
Nulli | 26 (34.7) | 12 (46.2) | (31.6) | 225.00 ± 48.25 a |
Primi | 10 (13.3) | 4 (40.0) | (10.5) | 26.25 ± 8.26 b |
Multi | 39 (52.0) | 22 (56.4) | (57.9) | 67.50 ± 20.97 b |
Total | 75 (100) | 38 (50.7) | (100) χ2 = 1.182, p = 0.554 | 112.89 ± 22.90 |
Trimester | ||||
2nd | 34 (46.6) | 13 (38.2) | (36.1) | 105.77 ± 39.02 |
3rd | 39 (53.4) | 23 (59.0) | (63.9) | 125.65 ± 30.65 |
Total | 73 (100) | 36 (49.3) | (100) χ2 = 3.126, p = 0.077 | 118.19 ± 23.87 |
Age (Year) | ||||
< 20 | 9 (12.0) | 2 (22.2) | (5.3) | 415.00±15.00 |
20–29 | 34 (45.3) | 18 (52.9) | (47.4) | 133.61±37.21 |
30–39 | 32 (42.7) | 18 (56.2) | (47.4) | 58.61±15.12 |
Total | 75 (100) | 38 (50.7) | (100) χ2 = 3.383, p = 0.184 | 112.89±22.90 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
18.5–24.9 | 22 (29.3) | 11 (50.0) | (28.9) | 174.54 ± 6.11 |
25.0–29.9 | 34 (45.3) | 18 (52.9) | (47.4) | 94.72 ± 23.61 |
≥ 30 | 19 (25.3) | 9 (47.4) | (23.7) | 73.89 ± 36.19 |
Total | 75 (100) | 38 (50.7) | (100) χ2 = 0.157, p = 0.925 | 112.89 ± 22.90 |
Antenatal Visits | No. Examined (%) | No. Infected (%) | Parasite Density (/µL) × 103 |
---|---|---|---|
First | 37 (49.3) | 18 (48.6) | 75.28 ± 28.74 |
More than one | 38 (50.7) | 20 (52.6) | 146.75 ± 33.86 |
χ2 = 0.119, p = 0.730 |
No. Examined (%) | Bed Net Owner (%) | Bed Net Users (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gravidity | |||
Primi | 21 (28.0) | 8 (38.1) | 5 (23.8) |
Secundi | 14 (18.7) | 6 (42.9) | 3 (21.4) |
Multi | 40 (53.3) | 23 (57.5) | 16 (40.0) |
Total | 75 (100) | 37 (49.3) | 24 (32.0) |
χ2 = 2.363, p = 0.307 | χ2 = 2.543, p= 0.280 | ||
Parity | |||
Nulli | 26 (34.7) | 10 (38.5) | 5 (19.2) |
Primi | 10 (13.3) | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) |
Multi | 39 (52.0) | 22 (56.4) | 15 (38.5) |
Total | 75 (100) | 37 (49.3) | 24 (32.0) |
χ2 = 2.013, p = 0.366 | χ2 = 2.991, p = 0.224 | ||
Trimester | |||
2nd | 34 (46.6) | 11 (32.4) | 9 (26.5) |
3rd | 39 (53.4) | 24 (61.5) | 14 (35.9) |
Total | 73 (100) | 35 (47.9) | 23 (31.5) |
χ2 = 6.199, p = 0.013 | χ2 = 0.748, p = 0.387 | ||
Age group (year) | |||
< 20 | 9 (12.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) |
20–29 | 34 (45.3) | 17 (50.0) | 10 (29.4) |
30–39 | 32 (42.7) | 19 (59.4) | 13 (40.6) |
Total | 75 (100) | 37 (49.3) | 24 (32.0) |
χ2 = 6.557, p = 0.038 | χ2 = 3.003, p = 0.223 |
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Aguzie, I.O.N.; Ivoke, N.; Onyishi, G.C.; Okoye, I.C. Antenatal Practices Ineffective at Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria during Pregnancy in a Sub-Saharan Africa Region, Nigeria. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2017, 2, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2020015
Aguzie ION, Ivoke N, Onyishi GC, Okoye IC. Antenatal Practices Ineffective at Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria during Pregnancy in a Sub-Saharan Africa Region, Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2017; 2(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2020015
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguzie, Ifeanyi Oscar Ndimkaoha, Njoku Ivoke, Grace C. Onyishi, and Ikem C. Okoye. 2017. "Antenatal Practices Ineffective at Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria during Pregnancy in a Sub-Saharan Africa Region, Nigeria" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2, no. 2: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed2020015