Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) | PASE | Training Experience (Years) |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 1004 (100%) | 102.6 ± 50.5 | 9.9 ± 12.1 |
Age (mean ± SD) | 53.4 ± 11.3 | ||
Under 55 | 597 (59.5%) | 99.2 ± 49.5 | 8.9 ± 11.2 |
Over 55 | 407 (40.5%) | 107.7 ± 51.6 | 11.4 ± 13.1 |
Gender | |||
Male | 322 (32.1%) | 96.1 ± 55.1 | 13.4 ± 12.9 |
Female | 682 (67.9%) | 105.7 ± 47.9 | 8.3 ± 11.3 |
Primary metabolic demand | |||
Aerobic | 417 (41.5%) | 111.4 ± 51.6 | 15.4 ± 11.7 |
Mixed | 217 (21.6%) | 102. 6 ± 51.1 | 16.5 ± 12.1 |
Not active | 370 (36.9%) | 92.8 ± 47.1 | 0 |
Physical activity frequency | |||
Active low frequency | 265 (26.4%) | 100.7 ± 49.9 | 13.3 ± 11.4 |
Active high frequency | 369 (36.7%) | 113.9 ± 52.1 | 17.5 ± 11.8 |
Not active | 370 (36.9%) | 92.8 ± 47.1 | 0 |
Training experience | |||
0 years | 370 (36.9%) | 92.8 ± 47.1 | 0 |
1–3 years | 146 (14.5%) | 101.0 ± 49.3 | 1.8 ± 0.8 |
4–7 years | 112 (11.2%) | 104.5 ± 51.5 | 5.6 ± 1.1 |
More than 7 years | 376 (37.4%) | 112.4 ± 52.2 | 24.2 ± 7.5 |
COVID-19 symptoms duration | |||
No symptoms | 223 (22.2%) | 105.7 ± 60.6 | 10.0 ± 12.8 |
Few days | 433 (43.1%) | 103.0 ± 49.8 | 11.8 ± 12.2 |
1 month | 220 (21.9%) | 99.5 ± 43.8 | 8.3 ± 11.6 |
Some months | 128 (12.8%) | 101.3 ± 50.5 | 6.4 ± 9.9 |
COVID-19 infection severity | |||
Slight | 980 (97.6%) | 102.8 ± 50.5 | 10. 1 ± 12.1 |
Moderate | 19 (1.9%) | 103.5 ± 49.0 | 2.8 ± 6.3 |
Severe | 5 (0.5%) | 66.1 ± 49.3 | 0.4 ± 0.9 |
(a) | ||||
Categories | Groups | SOBQ | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 |
Gender | Male | 35.2 ± 17.1 | 8.9 ± 6.5 | 7.4 ± 4.2 |
Female | 38.8 ± 17.9 | 11.7 ± 7.1 | 8.8 ± 4.8 | |
p-value | Male–Female | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Age | Under 55 | 37.7 ± 17.2 | 11.6 ± 7.1 | 8.8 ± 4.8 |
Over 55 | 37.5 ± 18.4 | 9.7 ± 7.0 | 7.7 ± 4.4 | |
p-value | Under 55–Over 55 | p = 0.436 | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Primary metabolic demand | Aerobic | 35.3 ± 15.4 | 9.6 ± 6.1 | 7.5 ± 4.2 |
Mixed | 34.2 ± 13.6 | 9.7 ± 6.4 | 7.4 ± 3.9 | |
Not active | 42.3 ± 21.0 | 12.8 ± 8.0 | 9.8 ± 5.2 | |
p-value | Aerobic–Mixed | p = 0.147 | p = 0.985 | p = 0.713 |
Aerobic–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Mixed–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Physical activity frequency | Active LF | 36.5 ± 15.8 | 10.5 ± 6.1 | 8.4 ± 3.9 |
Active HF | 33.7 ± 14.1 | 9.1 ± 6.2 | 6.8 ± 4.1 | |
Not active | 42.3 ± 21.0 | 12.8 ± 8.0 | 9.8 ± 5.2 | |
p-value | Active LF–Active HF | p = 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Active LF–Not active | p = 0.006 * | p = 0.002 * | p = 0.007 * | |
Active HF–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Training experience | 0 years | 42.3 ± 21.0 | 12.8 ± 8.0 | 9.8 ± 5.2 |
1–3 years | 37.6 ± 15.8 | 11.2 ± 6.7 | 8.5 ± 4.5 | |
4–7 years | 36.6 ± 17.5 | 9.9 ± 5.8 | 7.7 ± 3.8 | |
More than 7 years | 33.3 ± 13.2 | 9.0 ± 6.0 | 7.0 ± 4.0 | |
p-value | 0 years–1–3 years | p = 0.250 | p = 0.103 | p = 0.002 * |
0 years–4–7 years | p = 0.015 * | p = 0.002 * | p < 0.001 * | |
0 years–more than 7 years | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
1–3 years–4–7 years | p = 0.137 | 0.0113 | 0.205 | |
1–3 years–more than 7 years | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
4–7 years–more than 7 years | p = 0.028 * | p = 0.06 | p = 0.003 * | |
COVID-19 symptoms duration | No symptoms | 31.6 ± 12.3 | 6.7 ± 4.7 | 6.5 ± 3.1 |
Few days | 33.5 ± 13.7 | 8.5 ± 5.1 | 6.9 ± 3.3 | |
1 month | 44.5 ± 20.4 | 15.2 ± 6.9 | 10.3 ± 5.1 | |
Some months | 50.5 ± 21.9 | 18.4 ± 6.6 | 12.8 ± 5.7 | |
p-value | No symptoms–Few days | p = 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p = 0.062 |
No symptoms–1 month | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
No symptoms–Some months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Few days–1 months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Few days–Some months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
1 month–Some months | p = 0.005 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
(b) | ||||
Categories | Groups | FSMC Tot | FSCM Cogn | FSMC Phys |
Gender | Male | 38.5 ± 22.1 | 19.5 ± 11.0 | 20.9 ± 11.1 |
Female | 48.4 ± 24.8 | 24.3 ± 12.5 | 25.8 ± 12.3 | |
p-value | Male–Female | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Age | Under 55 | 47.5 ± 24.5 | 23.9 ± 12.4 | 25.3 ± 12.1 |
Over 55 | 41.9 ± 23.8 | 21.2 ± 11.9 | 22.6 ± 12.0 | |
p-value | Under 55–Over 55 | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Primary metabolic demand | Aerobic | 41.4 ± 22.1 | 20.9 ± 11.1 | 22.3 ± 11.0 |
Mixed | 41.9 ± 23.5 | 21.1 ± 11.7 | 22.5 ± 11.5 | |
Not active | 51.5 ± 26.1 | 25.9 ± 13.1 | 27.4 ± 13.0 | |
p-value | Aerobic–Mixed | p = 0.923 | p = 0.924 | p = 0.851 |
Aerobic–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Mixed–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Physical activity frequency | Active LF | 45.0 ± 23.5 | 22.8 ± 12.1 | 24.3 ± 11.5 |
Active HF | 39.0 ± 21.6 | 19.7 ± 10.6 | 21.0 ± 10.7 | |
Not active | 51.5 ± 26.1 | 25.9 ± 13.1 | 27.4 ± 13.0 | |
p-value | Active LF–Active HF | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
Active LF–Not active | p = 0.007 * | p = 0.005 * | p = 0.005 * | |
Active HF–Not active | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Training experience | 0 years | 51.5 ± 26.1 | 25.9 ± 13.1 | 27.4 ± 13.0 |
1–3 years | 49.1 ± 23.4 | 24.6 ± 12.0 | 26.1 ± 11.3 | |
4–7 years | 41.1 ± 22.1 | 20.8 ± 11.5 | 22.2 ± 10.8 | |
More than 7 years | 38.8 ± 21.7 | 19.6 ± 10.7 | 21.0 ± 10.9 | |
p-value | 0 years–1–3 years | p = 0.561 | p = 0.513 | p = 0.375 |
0 years–4–7 years | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
0 years–more than 7 years | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
1–3 years–4–7 years | p = 0.003 * | p = 0.002 * | p = 0.004 * | |
1–3 years–more than 7 years | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
4–7 years–more than 7 years | p = 0.221 | p = 0.330 | p = 0.209 | |
COVID-19 symptoms duration | No symptoms | 33.2 ± 17.8 | 17.1 ± 8.7 | 18.1 ± 9.2 |
Few days | 37.8 ± 19.3 | 19.1 ± 9.8 | 20.7 ± 9.9 | |
1 month | 58.5 ± 24.1 | 29.1 ± 12.4 | 31.1 ± 11.7 | |
Some months | 68.3 ± 24.3 | 34.3 ± 12.4 | 35.2 ± 11.5 | |
p-value | No symptoms–Few days | p < 0.001 * | p = 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * |
No symptoms–1 month | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
No symptoms–Some months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Few days–1 months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
Few days–Some months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | |
1 month–Some months | p < 0.001 * | p < 0.001 * | p = 0.001 * |
Variable | SOBQ | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | FSMC Tot | FSMC Cogn | FSMC Phys | PASE | Training Experience | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training experience | rho | −0.21 # | −0.23 # | −0.32 § | −0.22 # | −0.23 # | −0.22 # | 0.16 # | - |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||
PASE | rho | −0.42 | −0.41 | −0.61 | −0.11 | −0.22 | −0.13 | - | 0.16 # |
p-value | 0.183 | 0.197 | 0.052 | 0.732 | 0.495 | 0.687 | <0.001 * |
Categories | R | R2 | F | B | SE | t | VIF | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOBQ | 0.198 | 0.039 | 20.383 | |||||
PASE | −0.007 | 0.011 | −0.0635 | 1.000 | 0.526 | |||
Training experience | −0.283 | 0.046 | −6.154 | <0.001 * | ||||
PHQ-9 | 0.222 | 0.049 | 26.061 | |||||
PASE | −0.003 | 0.004 | −0.662 | 1.000 | 0.508 | |||
Training experience | −0.128 | 0.018 | −6.974 | <0.001 * | ||||
GAD-7 | 0.238 | 0.057 | 29.984 | |||||
PASE | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.345 | 1.000 | 0.730 | |||
Training experience | −0.92 | 0.012 | −7.683 | <0.001 * | ||||
FSMC Tot | 0.205 | 0.042 | 22.004 | |||||
PASE | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.445 | 1.000 | 0.656 | |||
Training experience | −0.418 | 0.063 | −6.599 | <0.001 * | ||||
FSMC Cogn | 0.204 | 0.042 | 21.815 | |||||
PASE | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.457 | 1.000 | 0.647 | |||
Training experience | −0.209 | 0.32 | −6.572 | <0.001 * | ||||
FSMC Phys | 0.203 | 0.041 | 21.462 | |||||
PASE | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.351 | 1.000 | 0.726 | |||
Training experience | −0.205 | 0.032 | −6.507 | <0.001 * |
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Centorbi, M.; Di Martino, G.; della Valle, C.; Iuliano, E.; Di Claudio, G.; Mascioli, A.; Calcagno, G.; di Cagno, A.; Buonsenso, A.; Fiorilli, G. Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030119
Centorbi M, Di Martino G, della Valle C, Iuliano E, Di Claudio G, Mascioli A, Calcagno G, di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Fiorilli G. Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(3):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030119
Chicago/Turabian StyleCentorbi, Marco, Giulia Di Martino, Carlo della Valle, Enzo Iuliano, Gloria Di Claudio, Amelia Mascioli, Giuseppe Calcagno, Alessandra di Cagno, Andrea Buonsenso, and Giovanni Fiorilli. 2024. "Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 3: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030119
APA StyleCentorbi, M., Di Martino, G., della Valle, C., Iuliano, E., Di Claudio, G., Mascioli, A., Calcagno, G., di Cagno, A., Buonsenso, A., & Fiorilli, G. (2024). Regular Physical Activity Can Counteract LONG COVID Symptoms in Adults over 40. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030119