Americans and Return Migrants in the 1881 Scottish Census
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Return Migration Issues
- The difficulty in discovering rates of return. This is largely due to the lack of documentation and, where there is documentation, the inclusion of return migrants with visitors, tourists and others;
- Defining return migration. Different definitions revolve around length of stay and the motives behind the migration;
- Why do people return? There are many reasons people have for returning to their country of origin. Those discussed in the literature include political and/or economic climate in home and/or host country, the saving of enough money for successful return, family ties, retirement, homesickness;
- What type of impact do returnees have on their country of origin? Most researchers find both positive and negative impacts in the home country. Some researchers claim that impact seems to be diluted due to low numbers of return migrants in any one area whereas others find important local impacts through the enrichment of the economy.
- Gaps in research. Researchers all agree that there are many gaps in the topic area of return migration and much more work needs to be done.
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Initial Research Aims and Results
- (1)
- Gather basic demographic data on the 2167 Americans in the 1881 Scottish census to include:
- Age;
- Sex;
- Occupation;
- Birthplace in USA.
- (2)
- To consider why these people were bucking the overwhelming trend of migration to the United States and moving in the opposite direction—to Scotland.
4.1.1. Sex
4.1.2. U.S. State of Origin
4.1.3. Age Range of Americans in 1881 Scottish Census
4.1.4. Occupations of Adult Americans in the 1881 Scottish Census
4.1.5. Discussion of Initial Research Results
4.2. Expanded Research Aims and Results
- (1)
- Gather basic demographic data on the parents in the 1881 Scottish census to include:
- Nationality;
- Scottish county of residence by number of American children;
- Occupation of parent;
- Number of years in Scotland since return.
- (2)
- To consider issues around return migration found in the literature.
4.2.1. Top 10 Scottish Counties of Residence
4.2.2. Parents by Nationality
4.2.3. Number of American Children in Two-Parent Households Grouped by Parental Nationality
4.2.4. Probable Year of Migration to Scotland
4.2.5. Number and Type of Occupations of Parents of American Children
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Case Studies on Individual Families
- Catherine M.H. Hay, born about 1865, America. There is a possible death registration record for her in Queensland, Australia on 21 January 1953; the parent names match the census information quite closely;1
- George H Hay, born about 1862, America. George appears in the 1891 Scottish census and the 1901 English census (where his birthplace is given as Scotland). It appears he immigrated to Australia as he can be found on a passenger list with his wife and children arriving in Brisbane on 5 February 19022, in the Australian electoral rolls from 1913 to 19543, finally dying on 27 October 1956 in Queensland;4.
- Grace Caroline Halkett Hay, born about 1860, America. She was married in 1885 in Alyth, Perth to Caleb Joseph Pamely, a Welsh 36 year old mining engineer.5 She appears on the 1901 Welsh census living in Chepstow, Wales with Caleb and their three Welsh children. In this census, she is shown as having been born in Minnesota, U.S.A.6 The family also appear in the 1911 living in Bristol7 and Grace’s probate entry shows her death on 26 October 1940 in Bristol.8
- James Fisher, born about 1875, is a British subject born in America, a scholar. See below for further details.
- Rose Mechan, born about 1874, in New York, America. No further information could be found for Rose.
- Margret Morrisey, born about 1869, in Vermont, USA, is a scholar. No further information could be found for Margret.
- George Waterston, born about 1874 in Ralls County, Missouri, America. He married Eva Dooley Wills on the 7 July 1915 in Mexico, Monroe County, Missouri.18 He registered in the WWI draft on 12 September 1918 at the age of 45 residing in Perry, Missouri.19 George died in Olmstead County, Minnesota on the 21 April 1923;20
- Oly May Waterston, born about 1876 in Ralls County, Missouri, America. She married Thomas A. ROSELLE on the 9 February 1904 at the ‘bride’s home’ which was in Perry, Monroe County, Missouri.21 She appears in American censuses residing in Missouri through 1940 and died in December of 1954 in Palmyra, Missouri.22
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2 | Passenger List for S.S. Duke of Argyll departing London 5 December 1901, arriving Brisbane, Australia, 5 February 1902. HAY family. p. 355. Collection: Assisted Immigration 1848–1912. Available online: https://www.qld.gov.au/recreation/arts/heritage/archives/immigration/ (accessed on 29 April 2017). |
3 | Australian Electoral Commission. Queensland Electoral Rolls. 1913–1954. HAY, George Halkett. Collection: Australia, Electoral Rolls, 1903–1980. Available online: https://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 29 April 2017). |
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5 | Marriages (CR) Scotland. Alyth, Perthshire. 14 October 1885. PAMELY, Caleb Joseph and HAY, Grace Caroline Halkett. 328/A0 15. Available online: https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk (accessed on 29 April 2017). |
6 | Census. 1891. Wales. Chepstow, Monmouthshire. PAMELY Family. PN: RG 13/4917. FL 61. ED 20. p. 33. Available online: https://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 29 April 2017). |
7 | Census. 1911. England. Bristol, Gloucestershire. PAMELY family. RD 319. ED 9. SN 429. Piece: 15067. Available online: https://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 29 April 2017). |
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14 | Marriages (CR) USA. Perry, Monroe County, Missouri. 8 January 1899. WATERSTON, Alfred and STUART, Allie M. p. 159. Available online: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 27 June 2017). |
15 | Deaths (CR) USA. Salt River, Ralls County, Missouri. 18 April 1919. WATERSTON, Alfred. RD: 727, State file No. 15656. Available online: http://www.sos.mo.gov/images/archives/deathcerts/1929/1929_00016076.PDF (accessed on 27 June 2017). |
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22 | Deaths (CR) USA. Palmyra, Marion County, Missouri. 23 December 1954. ROSELLE, Oly Mae. RD: 209, State file No: 41731. Available online: http://www.sos.mo.gov/images/archives/deathcerts/1954/1954_00041731.PDF (accessed on 26 June 2017). |
23 | Census. 1900. USA. South Fork Township, Monroe County, Missouri. ED 121. p. 5A. Available online: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 26 February 2014). |
24 | Census. 1910. USA. South Fork Township, Monroe County, Missouri. ED 127. p. 7B. Available online: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 26 February 2014). |
25 | Census. 1920. USA. Perry City, Salt River Township, Monroe County, Missouri. ED 157. p. 4B. Available online: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (accessed on 26 February 2014). |
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McCabe, T.L. Americans and Return Migrants in the 1881 Scottish Census. Genealogy 2017, 1, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy1030016
McCabe TL. Americans and Return Migrants in the 1881 Scottish Census. Genealogy. 2017; 1(3):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy1030016
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCabe, Tahitia L. 2017. "Americans and Return Migrants in the 1881 Scottish Census" Genealogy 1, no. 3: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy1030016
APA StyleMcCabe, T. L. (2017). Americans and Return Migrants in the 1881 Scottish Census. Genealogy, 1(3), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy1030016