Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Are early variations in z-BW, z-BH, z-BWH and/or z-BMI associated with arterial variations at age 6 years (y.), with independence of exposure to CV risk factors (CRFs), body size at birth and/or body size at the time of the study?
- (2)
- Which is the anthropometric index whose changes show significant strength of association with arterial parameter variations at age 6 years?
- (3)
- Do the associations depend on the growth interval considered?
- (4)
- Are early changes in body size mainly associated with hemodynamic (e.g., systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) or pulse pressure (PP), wave-derived parameters), structural (e.g., diameter, intima–media thickness) or stiffness parameters?
- (5)
- Are they primarily associated with peripheral (pBP) or with central pressure (cBP)?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Anthropometric Evaluation
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
2.4. Arterial and Hemodynamic Evaluation
2.5. Peripheral and Central Pressure and Aortic Wave-Derived Parameters
2.6. Arterial Beat-to-Beat Diameter and Intima–Media Thickness
2.7. Local and Regional Arterial Stiffness
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects’Characteristics
3.2. Associations between Arterial Parameters at Age 6 Yearsand Anthropometric Changes in the First Two Yearsof Life
3.3. Associations between Arterial Parameters at Age 6 Years and Body Size Changes during the First Three Years of Life
3.4. Main Determinants of Interindividual Variations in Arterial Parameters at Age 6 Years: Role of Body Size Changes in the First Two Years of Life Considering the Exposure to CRFs
3.5. Main Determinants of Interindividual Variations in Arterial Parameters at Age 6 Years: Role of Body Size Changes in the First Three YearsConsidering the Exposure to CRFs
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Clinical Implications
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIx | central (aortic) augmentation index |
AIx@75 | AIx adjusted to a 75 beats/min heart rate |
AP | central (aortic) augmented pressure |
BH | body height |
BMI | body mass index |
BW | body weight |
BWH | body weight for body height |
cBP | central (aortic) blood pressure |
CCA | common carotid artery |
CFA | common femoral artery |
cfPWV | carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity |
CRFs | cardiovascular risk factors |
CV | cardiovascular |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
DD | diastolic arterial diameter |
EM | pressure-strain arterial elastic modulus |
HBP | high blood pressure levels |
HR | heart rate |
IMT | intima–media thickness |
MLR | multiple linear regression |
m | months |
MV | mean value |
Pb | amplitude of the cBP backward component |
pBP | peripheral (brachial) blood pressure |
pDBP | peripheral (brachial) diastolic blood pressure |
Pf | amplitude of the cBP forward component |
pMBP | peripheral (brachial) mean blood pressure |
pPP | peripheral (brachial) pulse pressure |
pSBP | peripheral (brachial) systolic blood pressure |
PWA | pulse wave analysis |
SystD | systolic arterial diameter |
SD | standard deviation |
Y | years |
Z | z-score |
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MV | SD | Min. | p25th | p50th | p75th | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 6.02 | 0.3 | 5.07 | 5.80 | 6.04 | 6.26 | 6.66 |
BW at birth (Kg) | 3.27 | 1.45 | 0.98 | 2.95 | 3.28 | 3.59 | 5.00 |
BW (kg) | 22.31 | 4.67 | 14.00 | 19.20 | 21.25 | 24.35 | 46.50 |
BH (m) | 1.14 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.33 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 17.03 | 2.48 | 12.10 | 15.37 | 16.43 | 18.06 | 27.15 |
z-BMI (current or “~6 years”) (SD) | 0.96 | 1.47 | −2.60 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 1.62 | 7.37 |
z-BW (current or “~6 years”) (SD) | 0.45 | 1.30 | −2.39 | −0.45 | 0.32 | 1.18 | 6.15 |
z-BH (current or “~6 years”) (SD) | −0.33 | 1.04 | −3.43 | −1.05 | −0.34 | 0.29 | 3.55 |
Obesity (n, %) | 108 (17.1) | ||||||
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 1 (0.2) | ||||||
Diabetes (n, %) | 1 (0.2) | ||||||
Hypertension (n, %) | 27 (4.3) | ||||||
Mode of delivery (cesarean; n, %) | 202 (31.9) | ||||||
Preterm birth (n, %) | 62 (9.8) | ||||||
Mother, diabetes (n, %) | 12 (1.9) |
MV | SD | Min. | p25th | p50th | p75th | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
z-BWH at birth (SD) | 0.40 | 1.14 | −4.06 | −0.27 | 0.49 | 1.13 | 3.61 |
z-BW at birth (SD) | 0.02 | 0.95 | −5.24 | −0.56 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 2.95 |
z-BH at birth (SD) | −0.27 | 1.13 | −4.91 | −1.00 | −0.08 | 0.46 | 4.75 |
z-BMI at birth (SD) | 0.27 | 1.06 | −3.59 | −0.38 | 0.36 | 0.93 | 3.65 |
z-BWH 6 m.(SD) | 0.59 | 1.26 | −3.86 | −0.20 | 0.50 | 1.29 | 4.76 |
z-BW 6 m.(SD) | 0.38 | 1.14 | −2.83 | −0.44 | 0.32 | 1.08 | 4.54 |
z-BH 6 m.(SD) | −0.15 | 1.11 | −4.12 | −0.92 | −0.19 | 0.60 | 3.30 |
z-BMI 6 m. (SD) | 0.66 | 1.29 | −4.07 | −0.15 | 0.58 | 1.40 | 5.42 |
z-BWH 12 m. (SD) | 0.33 | 1.08 | −2.78 | −0.40 | 0.32 | 0.92 | 3.91 |
z-BW 12 m. (SD) | 0.64 | 1.16 | −2.77 | −0.14 | 0.58 | 1.37 | 5.51 |
z-BH 12 m. (SD) | −0.31 | 1.22 | −4.72 | −1.06 | −0.39 | 0.38 | 5.57 |
z-BMI 12 m. (SD) | 0.69 | 1.19 | −2.79 | −0.09 | 0.63 | 1.44 | 5.84 |
z-BWH 24 m. (SD) | 0.59 | 1.26 | −3.86 | −0.20 | 0.50 | 1.29 | 4.76 |
z-BW 24 m. (SD) | 0.38 | 1.14 | −2.83 | −0.44 | 0.32 | 1.08 | 4.54 |
z-BH 24 m. (SD) | −0.15 | 1.11 | −4.12 | −0.92 | −0.19 | 0.60 | 3.30 |
z-BMI 24 m. (SD) | 0.66 | 1.29 | −4.07 | −0.15 | 0.58 | 1.40 | 5.42 |
z-BWH 36 m. (SD) | 0.59 | 1.25 | −3.45 | −0.22 | 0.47 | 1.37 | 6.43 |
z-BW 36 m. (SD) | 0.35 | 1.14 | −2.39 | −0.46 | 0.29 | 1.07 | 5.00 |
z-BH 36 m. (SD) | −0.11 | 1.14 | −3.92 | −0.89 | −0.16 | 0.56 | 3.30 |
z-BMI 36 m. (SD) | 0.60 | 1.28 | −3.87 | −0.21 | 0.48 | 1.39 | 6.48 |
MV | SD | Min. | p25th | p50th | p75th | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | |||||||
Heart rate (beats/minute) | 91 | 11 | 66 | 84 | 90 | 99 | 134 |
pSBP (mmHg) | 100 | 8 | 80 | 94 | 100 | 105 | 126 |
pDBP (mmHg) | 59 | 7 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 62 | 86 |
pPP (mmHg) | 41 | 7 | 24 | 36 | 40 | 46 | 77 |
pMBP (mmHg) | 72 | 7 | 31 | 68 | 73 | 77 | 96 |
cSBP (mmHg) | 83 | 6 | 64 | 78 | 83 | 87 | 100 |
cDBP (mmHg) | 60 | 6 | 46 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 77 |
cPP (mmHg) | 22 | 4 | 7 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 43 |
CO (liter/minute) | 4.4 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 5.7 |
CI (liter/minute/m2) | 4.9 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.9 |
SVR (s.mmHg/mL) | 1.10 | 0.10 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.19 | 1.41 |
AIx (%) | 9.7 | 9.7 | −16 | 3 | 10 | 17 | 37 |
AIx@75 (%) | 17.0 | 9.3 | −10 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 43 |
AP (mmHg) | 2 | 2 | −5 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
Pf (mmHg) | 20 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 19 | 23 | 43 |
Pb (mmHg) | 10 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 78 |
Structural arterial parameters | |||||||
CCARight SystD (mm) | 6.04 | 0.50 | 4.83 | 5.70 | 5.98 | 6.39 | 7.41 |
CCARight DD (mm) | 5.38 | 0.47 | 4.21 | 5.03 | 5.36 | 5.71 | 6.91 |
CCARight IMT (mm) | 0.421 | 0.028 | 0.370 | 0.405 | 0.418 | 0.431 | 0.537 |
CCALeft SystD (mm) | 5.92 | 0.46 | 4.84 | 5.59 | 5.91 | 6.22 | 7.48 |
CCALeft DD (mm) | 5.25 | 0.43 | 4.25 | 4.96 | 5.24 | 5.53 | 6.99 |
CCALeft IMT (mm) | 0.420 | 0.027 | 0.316 | 0.405 | 0.417 | 0.431 | 0.567 |
CFARight SystD (mm) | 4.74 | 0.53 | 3.44 | 4.42 | 4.75 | 5.05 | 6.50 |
CFARight DD (mm) | 4.42 | 0.51 | 3.13 | 4.11 | 4.43 | 4.72 | 6.11 |
CFARight IMT (mm) | 0.331 | 0.032 | 0.282 | 0.313 | 0.323 | 0.346 | 0.411 |
CFA Left SystD (mm) | 4.72 | 0.50 | 3.51 | 4.36 | 4.70 | 5.01 | 6.37 |
CFALeft DD (mm) | 4.40 | 0.50 | 3.29 | 4.06 | 4.38 | 4.71 | 5.98 |
CFALeft IMT (mm) | 0.335 | 0.026 | 0.271 | 0.319 | 0.331 | 0.355 | 0.398 |
Local and regional arterial stiffness | |||||||
CCARight EM (mmHg) | 187 | 45 | 71 | 156 | 188 | 216 | 304 |
CCALeft EM (mmHg) | 179 | 46 | 54 | 146 | 175 | 205 | 314 |
CFARight EM (mmHg) | 618 | 267 | 237 | 417 | 564 | 724 | 1555 |
CFALeft EM (mmHg) | 592 | 219 | 219 | 427 | 546 | 711 | 1561 |
cfPWV (m/s) | 4.81 | 0.76 | 2.88 | 4.28 | 4.75 | 5.25 | 7.72 |
Zero-Order Correlations | William’s Test (Correlation Comparisons) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–6 m | ΔzBWH [1] | ΔzBW [2] | ΔzBH [3] | ΔzBMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | |||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | p | P | p | P | p | P | ||
Structural arterial parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-CFAR IMT | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.113 | 0.10 | 0.715 | 0.76 | 0.0004 | 0.117 | 0.101 | <0.0001 | 0.717 | <0.0001 | 0.011 | |
Local and regional arterial stiffness | |||||||||||||||
z-CFAR EM | −0.12 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.213 | 0.26 | 0.019 | −0.05 | 0.666 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.208 | 0.005 | 0.040 | |
z-CFAL EM | −0.16 | 0.024 | −0.11 | 0.139 | 0.04 | 0.556 | −0.16 | 0.022 | 0.310 | 0.041 | 0.990 | 0.017 | 0.251 | 0.041 | |
z-cfPWV | −0.16 | 0.077 | −0.03 | 0.726 | 0.19 | 0.320 | −0.23 | 0.011 | 0.040 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.007 | |
0–12 m | ΔzBWH [1] | ΔzBW [2] | ΔzBH [3] | ΔzBMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | |||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | p | p | p | P | p | P | ||
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-AIx | −0.14 | 0.031 | −0.02 | 0.800 | −0.08 | 0.247 | 0.01 | 0.871 | 0.002 | 0.419 | <0.0001 | 0.397 | 0.286 | 0.230 | |
z-AIx@75 | −0.16 | 0.019 | −0.01 | 0.841 | −0.09 | 0.204 | −0.01 | 0.921 | 0.002 | 0.359 | <0.0001 | 0.274 | 0.783 | 0.286 | |
z-CI | −0.31 | 0.000 | −0.04 | 0.611 | −0.14 | 0.047 | −0.09 | 0.203 | <0.0001 | 0.021 | <0.0001 | 0.169 | 0.089 | 0.522 | |
Structural arterial parameters | |||||||||||||||
z- CCAR IMT | 0.14 | 0.180 | 0.31 | 0.002 | 0.18 | 0.090 | 0.24 | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.730 | 0.094 | 0.221 | 0.099 | 0.600 | |
z-CFAR SystD | 0.24 | 0.024 | 0.18 | 0.088 | 0.12 | 0.268 | 0.17 | 0.133 | 0.458 | 0.317 | 0.240 | 0.586 | 0.827 | 0.681 | |
z- CFAR DD | 0.24 | 0.022 | 0.19 | 0.075 | 0.16 | 0.150 | 0.16 | 0.157 | 0.536 | 0.502 | 0.198 | 0.784 | 0.511 | 0.983 | |
z-LCFALSystD | 0.09 | 0.207 | −0.15 | 0.030 | 0.04 | 0.600 | −0.11 | 0.138 | <0.0001 | 0.525 | <0.0001 | 0.010 | 0.172 | 0.057 | |
z-CFAL DD | 0.08 | 0.232 | −0.15 | 0.038 | 0.03 | 0.688 | −0.10 | 0.161 | <0.0001 | 0.526 | <0.0001 | 0.009 | 0.088 | 0.099 | |
Local and regional arterial stiffness | |||||||||||||||
z-CFAR EM | 0.05 | 0.618 | 0.12 | 0.253 | 0.23 | 0.038 | 0.04 | 0.738 | 0.204 | 0.021 | 0.807 | 0.124 | 0.498 | 0.015 | |
z-cfPWV | −0.02 | 0.840 | −0.11 | 0.236 | 0.19 | 0.030 | −0.23 | 0.009 | 0.208 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
0–24 m | Δz-BWH [1] | Δ z-BW [2] | Δ z-BH [3] | Δ z-BMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | |||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | p | p | p | P | p | P | ||
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-CI | −0.08 | 0.263 | −0.26 | 0.0001 | −0.24 | 0.001 | −0.08 | 0.279 | <0.0001 | 0.071 | 0.990 | 0.696 | <0.0001 | 0.069 | |
Structural arterial parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-CCAR IMT | 0.25 | 0.016 | 0.31 | 0.004 | 0.20 | 0.069 | 0.31 | 0.004 | 0.696 | 0.870 | 0.344 | 0.542 | 0.997 | 0.718 | |
z-CCAL SystD | 0.03 | 0.702 | 0.18 | 0.011 | 0.09 | 0.204 | 0.11 | 0.118 | 0.006 | 0.499 | <0.0001 | 0.078 | 0.076 | 0.821 | |
z-CCAL DD | −0.01 | 0.940 | 0.15 | 0.034 | 0.06 | 0.432 | 0.12 | 0.108 | 0.000 | 0.432 | <0.0001 | 0.080 | 0.448 | 0.498 | |
z-CCAL IMT | 0.06 | 0.421 | 0.17 | 0.014 | 0.13 | 0.061 | 0.10 | 0.174 | 0.012 | 0.430 | 0.029 | 0.434 | 0.078 | 0.734 | |
z-CFAR SystD | 0.23 | 0.033 | 0.12 | 0.288 | 0.07 | 0.524 | 0.09 | 0.435 | 0.112 | 0.248 | <0.0001 | 0.544 | 0.637 | 0.888 | |
z-CFAR DD | 0.27 | 0.013 | 0.16 | 0.156 | 0.11 | 0.362 | 0.12 | 0.304 | 0.109 | 0.240 | <0.0001 | 0.542 | 0.527 | 0.943 | |
z-CFAR IMT | −0.12 | 0.635 | 0.54 | 0.038 | 0.40 | 0.152 | 0.17 | 0.558 | <0.0001 | 0.092 | <0.0001 | 0.381 | <0.0001 | 0.439 | |
Local and regional arterial stiffness | |||||||||||||||
z-CFAR EM | 0.15 | 0.160 | 0.23 | 0.044 | 0.19 | 0.096 | 0.14 | 0.228 | 0.072 | 0.651 | 0.591 | 0.440 | 0.025 | 0.577 | |
12–24 m | Δz-BWH [1] | Δ z-BW [2] | Δ z-BH [3] | Δ z-BMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | |||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | p | p | p | P | p | P | ||
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-Cardiac Index | 0.08 | 0.264 | −0.22 | 0.001 | −0.07 | 0.321 | −0.04 | 0.557 | <0.0001 | 0.069 | 0.081 | 0.162 | <0.0001 | 0.685 | |
Structural arterial parameters | |||||||||||||||
z-CCAL SystD | −0.04 | 0.576 | 0.17 | 0.010 | −0.01 | 0.879 | 0.09 | 0.212 | 0.032 | 0.717 | 0.208 | 0.204 | 0.183 | 0.360 | |
z-CCAL DD | −0.04 | 0.553 | 0.12 | 0.083 | −0.01 | 0.857 | 0.05 | 0.425 | 0.104 | 0.717 | 0.385 | 0.362 | 0.247 | 0.589 | |
z-CFAL SystD | −0.07 | 0.325 | 0.15 | 0.029 | −0.09 | 0.175 | 0.06 | 0.360 | 0.001 | 0.808 | 0.061 | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.044 | |
z-CFAL DD | −0.08 | 0.220 | 0.14 | 0.043 | −0.08 | 0.221 | 0.04 | 0.523 | 0.001 | 0.990 | 0.083 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.107 | |
z-CFAL IMT | 0.16 | 0.286 | 0.11 | 0.481 | 0.08 | 0.608 | 0.12 | 0.430 | 0.445 | 0.330 | 0.559 | 0.021 | 0.805 | 0.589 |
Zero-Order Correlations | William’s Correlation Comparisons | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–36 m | Δz-BWH [1] | Δz-BW [2] | Δz-BH [3] | Δz-BMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | ||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | P | p | p | P | P | p | P | |
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | ||||||||||||||
z-pSBP | 0.09 | 0.177 | 0.15 | 0.032 | 0.13 | 0.076 | 0.08 | 0.253 | 0.324 | 0.660 | 0.893 | 0.713 | 0.002 | 0.499 |
z-cSBP | 0.14 | 0.041 | 0.13 | 0.051 | 0.08 | 0.268 | 0.10 | 0.154 | 0.838 | 0.486 | 0.567 | 0.334 | 0.463 | 0.776 |
z-cPP | 0.10 | 0.127 | 0.15 | 0.028 | 0.05 | 0.433 | 0.14 | 0.040 | 0.277 | 0.564 | 0.567 | 0.067 | 0.816 | 0.222 |
z-Pf | 0.07 | 0.296 | 0.17 | 0.012 | 0.13 | 0.054 | 0.07 | 0.336 | 0.029 | 0.487 | 0.990 | 0.441 | 0.015 | 0.396 |
z-Cardiac Output | 0.07 | 0.319 | 0.19 | 0.005 | 0.20 | 0.004 | 0.06 | 0.372 | 0.009 | 0.127 | 0.892 | 0.901 | 0.002 | 0.054 |
z-Cardiac Index | −0.22 | 0.001 | −0.24 | 0.0004 | −0.10 | 0.144 | −0.13 | 0.060 | 0.671 | 0.176 | 0.212 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.683 |
Structural arterial parameters | ||||||||||||||
z- CCARight IMT | 0.12 | 0.256 | 0.22 | 0.035 | 0.20 | 0.059 | 0.17 | 0.113 | <0.0001 | 0.368 | 0.648 | 0.802 | 0.431 | 0.782 |
z-CCALeft SystD | 0.01 | 0.830 | 0.13 | 0.070 | 0.14 | 0.039 | −0.03 | 0.641 | 0.099 | 0.342 | 0.720 | 0.891 | 0.013 | 0.125 |
z- CCALeft IMT | 0.11 | 0.125 | 0.16 | 0.024 | 0.14 | 0.045 | 0.05 | 0.447 | 0.490 | 0.825 | 0.588 | 0.811 | 0.087 | 0.415 |
z-CFARight IMT | 0.21 | 0.382 | 0.55 | 0.017 | 0.16 | 0.536 | 0.59 | 0.009 | 0.023 | 0.705 | 0.041 | 0.021 | 0.744 | 0.054 |
Local and regional arterial stiffness | ||||||||||||||
z- CFARight EM | −0.02 | 0.850 | 0.18 | 0.092 | 0.24 | 0.026 | −0.01 | 0.897 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.893 | 0.262 | <0.0001 | 0.029 |
z- CFALeft EM | −0.08 | 0.263 | −0.06 | 0.436 | 0.07 | 0.302 | −0.14 | 0.047 | 0.793 | 0.296 | 0.730 | 0.128 | 0.064 | 0.069 |
12–36 m | Δz-BWH [1] | Δz-BW [2] | Δz-BH [3] | Δz-BMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | ||||
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | ||||||||||||||
z-cSBP | 0.05 | 0.485 | 0.14 | 0.033 | −0.09 | 0.159 | 0.14 | 0.029 | 0.154 | 0.120 | 0.133 | 0.002 | 0.940 | 0.199 |
z-cDBP | −0.04 | 0.528 | 0.05 | 0.471 | −0.15 | 0.023 | 0.06 | 0.393 | 0.156 | 0.033 | 0.097 | 0.002 | 0.804 | <0.0001 |
z-AIx | 0.03 | 0.698 | −0.15 | 0.025 | 0.06 | 0.361 | −0.09 | 0.193 | 0.044 | 0.725 | 0.035 | 0.008 | 0.114 | <0.0001 |
z-AIx@75 | 0.01 | 0.893 | −0.18 | 0.006 | 0.02 | 0.800 | −0.10 | 0.125 | 0.014 | 0.907 | 0.053 | 0.008 | 0.034 | 0.419 |
z-AP | 0.03 | 0.604 | −0.11 | 0.082 | 0.06 | 0.355 | −0.06 | 0.350 | 0.019 | 0.725 | 0.115 | 0.004 | 0.189 | 0.001 |
z-PF | 0.04 | 0.596 | 0.18 | 0.007 | 0.05 | 0.418 | 0.10 | 0.122 | 0.024 | 0.903 | 0.297 | 0.031 | 0.034 | 0.181 |
z-Cardiac Index | 0.08 | 0.251 | −0.17 | 0.008 | 0.02 | 0.743 | −0.06 | 0.381 | 0.001 | 0.502 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.040 |
Structural arterial parameters | ||||||||||||||
z- CCARight SystD | 0.14 | 0.180 | 0.21 | 0.034 | 0.02 | 0.834 | 0.19 | 0.060 | 0.020 | 0.369 | 0.572 | 0.002 | 0.735 | 0.003 |
z- CCARight DD | 0.16 | 0.112 | 0.20 | 0.050 | 0.03 | 0.737 | 0.19 | 0.057 | 0.662 | 0.329 | 0.734 | 0.070 | 0.866 | 0.005 |
z- CCARight IMT | −0.09 | 0.354 | −0.24 | 0.018 | −0.02 | 0.841 | −0.15 | 0.128 | 0.106 | 0.602 | 0.501 | 0.018 | 0.089 | 0.025 |
z- CCALeft SystD | −0.03 | 0.700 | 0.18 | 0.008 | 0.02 | 0.817 | 0.08 | 0.226 | 0.001 | 0.569 | 0.061 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.116 |
z- CCALeft DD | −0.01 | 0.829 | 0.13 | 0.047 | 0.01 | 0.826 | 0.06 | 0.342 | 0.023 | 0.820 | 0.233 | 0.009 | 0.074 | 0.190 |
z- CFALeft SystD | −0.12 | 0.075 | 0.21 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.866 | 0.03 | 0.679 | <0.0001 | 0.137 | 0.013 | 0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.601 |
z- CFALeft DD | −0.13 | 0.049 | 0.19 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.848 | 0.01 | 0.898 | <0.0001 | 0.109 | 0.020 | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 0.915 |
z- CFALeft IMT | 0.17 | 0.241 | 0.16 | 0.272 | 0.14 | 0.357 | 0.13 | 0.376 | 0.873 | 0.726 | 0.501 | 0.749 | 0.453 | 0.797 |
24–36 m | Δz-BWH [1] | Δz-BW [2] | Δz-BH [3] | Δz-BMI [4] | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | ||||
R | P | R | p | R | p | R | P | p | p | P | P | p | p | |
Central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters | ||||||||||||||
z-cPP | 0.09 | 0.191 | 0.13 | 0.043 | 0.07 | 0.294 | 0.07 | 0.304 | 0.319 | 0.836 | 0.739 | 0.402 | 0.178 | 0.992 |
z-AIx@75 | −0.09 | 0.186 | −0.20 | 0.002 | −0.11 | 0.107 | −0.09 | 0.194 | 0.004 | 0.835 | 0.990 | 0.192 | 0.011 | 0.836 |
z-PF | 0.09 | 0.177 | 0.16 | 0.014 | 0.08 | 0.260 | 0.08 | 0.224 | 0.067 | 0.918 | 0.954 | 0.241 | 0.060 | 0.950 |
z-Cardiac Output | 0.02 | 0.821 | 0.06 | 0.349 | 0.13 | 0.049 | 0.00 | 0.979 | 0.525 | 0.264 | 0.765 | 0.324 | 0.193 | 0.236 |
Structural arterial parameters | ||||||||||||||
z- CCARight DD | 0.13 | 0.192 | 0.21 | 0.044 | 0.06 | 0.594 | 0.13 | 0.229 | 0.196 | 0.651 | 0.990 | 0.175 | 0.244 | 0.651 |
z- CCARight IMT | −0.23 | 0.024 | −0.25 | 0.014 | 0.01 | 0.946 | −0.21 | 0.045 | 0.743 | 0.116 | 0.826 | 0.018 | 0.555 | 0.153 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variables | βu | SE | βs | P | Adj R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Δz-BMI (0–6 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-CFALeft EM | Constant | 0.088 | 0.081 | 0.278 | 0.031 | |
Δz-BMI 0–6 m* z-BMI | −0.072 | 0.031 | −0.194 | 0.023 | ||
z-cfPWV | Constant | −0.076 | 0.100 | 0.448 | 0.041 | |
Hypertension | 1.333 | 0.542 | 0.223 | 0.015 | ||
Δz-BW (0–12 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | −0.830 | Lo | 0.496 | 0.131 | |
Δz-BW 0–12 m | 0.317 | 0.085 | 0.376 | <0.001 | ||
z-CFARight SystD | Constant | −0.126 | 0.149 | 0.401 | 0.142 | |
z-BMI | 0.395 | 0.110 | 0.384 | 0.010 | ||
z-BWH at birth | −0.241 | 0.111 | −0.233 | 0.033 | ||
z-CFARight DD | Constant | −0.114 | 0.148 | 0.443 | 0.135 | |
z-BMI | 0.376 | 0.110 | 0.369 | 0.001 | ||
z-BWH at birth | −0.248 | 0.111 | −0.241 | 0.028 | ||
z-CFALeft SystD | Constant | −0.174 | 0.112 | 0.121 | 0.055 | |
z-BMI | 0.236 | 0.079 | 0.267 | 0.030 | ||
Δz-BW 0–12 m * z-BMI | −0.077 | 0.360 | −0.187 | 0.038 | ||
z-CFALeft DD | Constant | −0.145 | 0.110 | 0.190 | 0.051 | |
z-BMI | 0.220 | 0.078 | 0.254 | 0.005 | ||
Δz-BW 0–12 m* z-BMI | −0.078 | 0.036 | −0.193 | 0.032 | ||
Δz-BWH (0–12 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-AIx | Constant | −0.990 | 0.068 | 0.149 | 0.140 | |
z-pSBP | −0.289 | 0.059 | −0.320 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BWH 0–12 m | −0.133 | 0.045 | −0.193 | 0.004 | ||
z-AIx@75 | Constant | −0.062 | 0.069 | 0.366 | 0.109 | |
z-pSBP | −0.257 | 0.061 | −0.289 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BWH 0–12 m | −0.113 | 0.047 | −0.166 | 0.017 | ||
z-CFALeft SystD | Constant | −0.142 | 0.108 | 0.192 | 0.067 | |
z-BMI | 0.193 | 0.070 | 0.219 | 0.007 | ||
Δz-BWH 0–12 m* z-pSBP | −0.118 | 0.048 | −0.195 | 0.016 | ||
z-CFALeft DD | Constant | −0.107 | 0.107 | 0.317 | 0.067 | |
z-BMI | 0.170 | 0.069 | 0.196 | 0.007 | ||
Δz-BWH 0–12 m* z-pSBP | −0.130 | 0.048 | −0.218 | 0.015 | ||
Δz-BW (0–24 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | −0.230 | 0.128 | 0.855 | 0.143 | |
Δz-BW 0–24 m | 0.366 | 0.098 | 0.393 | <0.001 | ||
z-CCALeftSystD | Constant | −0.173 | 0.096 | 0.070 | 0.144 | |
z-BMI | 0.228 | 0.062 | 0.305 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 0–24 m | 0.136 | 0.064 | 0.177 | 0.035 | ||
z-CCALeft DD | Constant | −0.152 | 0.098 | 0.121 | 0.118 | |
z-BMI | 0.267 | 0.061 | 0.353 | <0.001 | ||
z-CCA Left IMT | Constant | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.998 | 0.051 | |
Δz-BW 0–24 m | 0.230 | 0.080 | 0.241 | 0.005 | ||
Δz-BWH (0–24 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | −0.030 | 0.129 | 0.815 | 0.145 | |
Δz-BWH 0–24 m | 0.368 | 0.098 | 0.395 | 0.001 | ||
z-CFARightSystD | Constant | −0.104 | 0.150 | 0.493 | 0.167 | |
z-BMI | 0.400 | 0.108 | 0.409 | 0.001 | ||
z-BWH at birth | −0.258 | 0.111 | −0.258 | 0.023 | ||
z-CFARight DD | Constant | −0.181 | 0.144 | 0.213 | 0.213 | |
Δz-BWH 0–24 m | 0.219 | 0.100 | 0.240 | 0.031 | ||
z-BMI | 0.320 | 0.106 | 0.329 | 0.004 | ||
Δz-BWH 0–24 m* z-pSBP | −0.202 | 0.087 | −0.251 | 0.024 | ||
Δz-BW (12–24 m) included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-CCALeftSystD | Constant | 0.168 | 0.095 | 0.081 | 0.120 | |
z-BMI | 0.268 | 0.059 | 0.355 | 0.001 | ||
z-CCALeft DD | Constant | −0.151 | 0.097 | 0.122 | 0.118 | |
z-BMI | 0.270 | 0.060 | 0.352 | 0.001 | ||
z-CFALeftSystD | Constant | −0.118 | 0.114 | 0.299 | 0.036 | |
z-BMI | 0.178 | 0.072 | 0.208 | 0.014 | ||
z-CFALeft DD | Constant | −0.082 | 0.113 | 0.469 | 0.025 | |
z-BMI | 0.151 | 0.071 | 0.179 | 0.036 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variables | βu | SE | βs | P | Adj R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Δz-BW (0–36 m): included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-pSBP | Constant | −0.125 | 0.094 | 0.189 | 0.127 | |
z-BMI | 0.201 | 0.065 | 0.227 | 0.020 | ||
Hypertension | 0.944 | 0.359 | 0.177 | 0.009 | ||
Δz-BW 0–36 m | 0.169 | 0.068 | 0.183 | 0.013 | ||
z-cSBP | Constant | −0.130 | 0.090 | 0.150 | 0.078 | |
z-BMI | 0.216 | 0.056 | 0.272 | <0.001 | ||
Hypertension | 0.712 | 0.333 | 0.151 | 0.034 | ||
z-cPP | Constant | 0.041 | 0.075 | 0.586 | 0.021 | |
Δz-BW 0–36 m* z-pSBP | 0.101 | 0.045 | 0.161 | 0.027 | ||
z-Pf | Constant | 0.052 | 0.077 | 0.500 | 0.048 | |
Δz-BW 0–36 m | 0.198 | 0.062 | 0.230 | 0.020 | ||
z-CI | Constant | 0.082 | 0.181 | 0.666 | 0.680 | |
Δz-BW 0–36 m* z-pSBP | −0.444 | 0.111 | −0.852 | 0.070 | ||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | −0.026 | 0.122 | 0.834 | 0.089 | |
Δz-BW 0–36 m | 0.312 | 0.103 | 0.315 | 0.030 | ||
z-CCALeft SystD | Constant | −0.125 | 0.093 | 0.178 | 0.112 | |
z-BMI | 0.261 | 0.060 | 0.344 | <0.001 | ||
z-CCALeft IMT | Constant | −0.003 | 0.096 | 0.976 | 0.047 | |
Δz-BW 0–36 m | 0.227 | 0.080 | 0.231 | 0.050 | ||
Δz-BW (12–36 m): included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-cSBP | Constant | −0.070 | 0.052 | 0.887 | 0.512 | |
z-pSBP | 0.641 | 0.045 | 0.717 | <0.001 | ||
z-AIx | Constant | −0.124 | 0.070 | 0.078 | 0.124 | |
z-pSBP | −0.299 | 0.060 | 0.336 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m* z-BWH at birth | −0.109 | 0.051 | −0.145 | 0.033 | ||
z-AIx@75 | Constant | −0.119 | −0.074 | 0.108 | 0.109 | |
z-pSBP | −0.242 | −0.063 | −0.271 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m | −0.169 | −0.068 | −0.176 | 0.013 | ||
z-AP | Constant | −0.130 | 0.073 | 0.076 | 0.087 | |
z-pSBP | −0.224 | 0.062 | −0.247 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m* z-BWH at birth | −0.146 | 0.053 | −0.191 | 0.060 | ||
z-Pf | Constant | 0.135 | 0.072 | 0.062 | 0.188 | |
z-pSBP | 0.353 | 0.060 | 0.391 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m | 0.155 | 0.065 | 0.158 | 0.018 | ||
z-CI | Constant | −0.702 | 0.224 | 0.017 | 0.451 | |
Δz-BW 12–36 m | −0.579 | 0.210 | −0.721 | 0.028 | ||
z-CCA Right SystD | Constant | −0.111 | 0.113 | 0.328 | 0.195 | |
z-BMI | 0.314 | 0.079 | 0.399 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m | 0.260 | 0.091 | 0.277 | 0.005 | ||
z-pSBP | −0.175 | 0.081 | −0.215 | 0.035 | ||
z-CCARightDD | Constant | −0.099 | 0.115 | 0.393 | 0.174 | |
z-BMI | 0.305 | 0.080 | 0.387 | <0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 12–36 m | 0.236 | 0.092 | 0.250 | 0.012 | ||
z-pSBP | −0.175 | 0.082 | −0.215 | 0.037 | ||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | 0.022 | 0.110 | 0.842 | 0.197 | |
Δz-BW 12–36 m* z-pSBP | −0.409 | 0.085 | −0.565 | <0.001 | ||
z-pSBP | −0.276 | 0.118 | −0.274 | 0.022 | ||
z-CCALeft SystD | Constant | −0.13 | 0.09 | 0.160 | 0.113 | |
z-BMI | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.35 | <0.001 | ||
z-CCALeft DD | Constant | −0.114 | 0.094 | 0.227 | 0.110 | |
z-BMI | 0.262 | 0.060 | 0.341 | <0.001 | ||
z-CFALeft SystD | Constant | 0.111 | 0.089 | 0.213 | 0.067 | |
Δz-BW 12–36 m | 0.285 | 0.085 | 0.271 | 0.010 | ||
z-CFALeft DD | Constant | 0.107 | 0.088 | 0.225 | 0.048 | |
Δz-BW 12–36 m | 0.242 | 0.085 | 0.234 | 0.005 | ||
Δz-BW (24–36 m): included as an independent variable | ||||||
z-cPP | Constant | 0.052 | 0.067 | 0.441 | 0.121 | |
z-pSBP | 0.296 | 0.057 | 0.354 | 0.001 | ||
z-AIx@75 | Constant | −0.098 | 0.070 | 0.165 | 0.126 | |
z-pSBP | −0.306 | 0.060 | −0.346 | 0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 24–36 m* z-BWH at birth | −0.202 | 0.097 | −0.141 | 0.040 | ||
z-Pf | Constant | 0.089 | 0.068 | 0.192 | 0.186 | |
z-pSBP | 0.362 | 0.059 | 0.408 | 0.001 | ||
Δz-BW 24–36 m | 0.233 | 0.106 | 0.145 | 0.030 | ||
z-CCARight DD | Constant | −0.087 | 0.122 | 0.481 | 0.129 | |
z-BMI | 0.223 | 0.083 | 0.283 | 0.009 | ||
Δz-BW 24–36 m | 0.337 | 0.158 | 0.224 | 0.036 | ||
z-CCARight IMT | Constant | −0.028 | 0.125 | 0.821 | 0.083 | |
Δz-BW 24–36 m* z-pSBP | −0.394 | 0.136 | −0.308 | 0.005 |
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Castro, J.M.; Marin, M.; Zinoveev, A.; García-Espinosa, V.; Chiesa, P.; Bia, D.; Zócalo, Y. Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2021, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8020020
Castro JM, Marin M, Zinoveev A, García-Espinosa V, Chiesa P, Bia D, Zócalo Y. Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2021; 8(2):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8020020
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastro, Juan M., Mariana Marin, Agustina Zinoveev, Victoria García-Espinosa, Pedro Chiesa, Daniel Bia, and Yanina Zócalo. 2021. "Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 8, no. 2: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8020020
APA StyleCastro, J. M., Marin, M., Zinoveev, A., García-Espinosa, V., Chiesa, P., Bia, D., & Zócalo, Y. (2021). Changes in Body Size during Early Growth Are Independently Associated with Arterial Properties in Early Childhood. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 8(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8020020